Abstract
This chapter explores the attributes of ethical mindedness and ethical imagination to argue that these are desirable graduate competencies that should be fostered in postgraduate profession-oriented education. Ethical mindedness, guided by defensible, high standards, is a disposition and a practice that encompasses respect and impartiality regarding individuals, teams, organizations and phenomena. Ethical imagination is the capability to examine and identify potential ethical issues in novel situations and create ethical ways to confront them. To ensure that ethical practices occur in higher education research, institutional ethics committees are required to examine the ethical implication of each research application based on publicly espoused regulatory ethical guidelines and standards. However, ethics committees can only call for compliance with regulations and standards but cannot ensure that all researchers will exercise ethical behaviour when they are confronted with unforeseen ethically ambiguous conditions. For this reason, in this chapter, we assert that assuring ethical research practices requires more than ensuring compliance with a set of rules. Ethics should be viewed as a knowledge discipline, incorporating attributes of ethical mindedness and ethical imagination that are fostered as graduate dispositions and capabilities that contribute to the development of ethically-minded business professionals. To conclude the chapter, we will generate a conceptual framework for situating the role of ethical mindedness and ethical imagination in a supportive institutional climate and culture in postgraduate professions-oriented research education. We also offer two propositions that would provide the opportunity for empirical testing and theoretical advancement in the field of ethics education.
Keywords
- Ethical mindedness
- Ethical imagination
- Ethical dilemma
- Ethical scholarship of teaching and learning
- Ethical culture and climate
- Postgraduate professionally-oriented education
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options

References
Ainsley, J. B. (2019). Toward a theory of ethical mindedness: Moral psychology and the evolution of human nature (Publication no. 22592105). Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami. ProQuest Dissertations and These Global.
Allen, G. & Israel, M. (2018) Moving beyond regulatory compliance: Building institutional support for ethical reflection in research. In Iphofen, R. & Tolich, M. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research ethics (pp. 453–462). Sage.
Alzola, M., Hennig, A., & Romar, E. (2020). Thematic symposium editorial: Virtue ethics between East and West. Journal of Business Ethics, 165(2), 177–189.
Annas, J. (1995). The morality of happiness. Oxford University Press.
Athanassoulis, N. (2013). Virtue ethics. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Baumane-Vitolina, I., Cals, I., & Sumilo, E. (2016). Is ethics rational? Teleological, deontological and virtue ethics theories reconciled in the context of traditional economic decision making. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 108–114.
Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia, M. (2014). Knowledge building and knowledge creation: One concept, two hills to climb. In S. C. Tan, H. J. So, & J. Yeo (Eds.) Knowledge creation in education (pp. 35–52). Springer.
Brenkert, G. G. (2019). Mind the gap! The challenges and limits of (global) business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(4), 917–930.
Brown, R. D., & Krager, L. (1985). Ethical issues in graduate education: Faculty and student responsibilities. The Journal of Higher Education, 56(4), 403–418.
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.
Christie, P. (2005). Education for ethical imagination. Social Alternatives, 24(4), 39–44.
Cloke, P., & Jones, O. (2003). Grounding ethical mindfulness for/in nature: Trees in their places. Ethics, Place & Environment, 6(3), 195–213.
Conrad, C. A. (2018). Business ethics – A philosophical and behavioural approach. Springer.
Couch, S., & Dodd, S. (2005). Doing the right thing: Ethical issues in higher education. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 97(3), 20.
Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Stephens, C. (1989). An ethical weather report: Assessing the organizational ethical climate. Organizational Dynamics, 18(20), 50–62.
Deigh, J. (2010). An introduction to ethics. Cambridge University Press.
Dhiman, S. (2021). Being good and being happy: Eudaimonic well-being insights from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 3–32.
Eggleston, B., & Miller, D. E. (Eds.). (2014). The Cambridge companion to utilitarianism. Cambridge University Press.
Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. G. (1985). A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 87–96.
Fowers, B. (2015). The evolution of ethics: Human sociality and the emergence of ethical mindedness. Springer.
Freeman, R. E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business ethics quarterly, 409–421.
Fryer, B. (2007). The ethical mind: A conversation with psychologist Howard Gardner. Harvard Business Review, 85(3), 51–56.
Gardner, H. (2006). Minds viewed globally: A personal introduction. Five minds for the future (pp. 1–19).
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon. Vintage.
Healey, R. L., Bass, T., Caulfield, J., Hoffman, A., McGinn, M. K., Miller-Young, J., & Haigh, M. (2013). Being ethically minded: Practising the scholarship of teaching and learning in an ethical manner. Teaching and Learning Inquiry: The ISSOTL Journal, 1(2), 23–33.
Hill, A. L. (2004). Ethics education: Recommendations for an evolving discipline. Counseling and Values, 48(3), 183–203.
Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), 5–16.
Israel, M. (2014). Research ethics and integrity for social scientists: Beyond regulatory compliance. SAGE Publications.
Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages (Vol. 2). HarperCollins College Div.
Laczniak, G. R., & Murphy, P. E. (1993). Ethical marketing decisions: The higher road. Allyn and Bacon.
Louden, R. B. (1984). On some vices of virtue ethics. American Philosophical Quarterly, 21(3), 227–236.
MacIntyre, A. C. (1985). After virtue: A study in moral theory. 2nd (corrected) ed. London: Duckworth, 1985. Three rival versions of moral enquiry: Encyclopaedia, genealogy, and tradition: Gifford lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh in 1988.
MacIntyre, A. (2003). A short history of ethics: A history of moral philosophy from the Homeric age to the 20th century. Routledge.
Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., & Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 151–171.
Mezirow, J. (1998). On critical reflection. Adult Education Quarterly, 48(3), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171369804800305
Mihelic, K. K., Lipicnik, B., & Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 14(5).
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (2018). National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007 (Updated 2018). https://nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research-2007-updated-2018. Accessed 5 February 2022.
Neubert, M. J., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Roberts, J. A., & Chonko, L. B. (2009). The virtuous influence of ethical leadership behaviour: Evidence from the field. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 157–170.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for profit: Why democracy needs the humanities. Princeton University Press.
Orrell, J., & Curtis, D. (2016). Transforming identities from students and reformers to researchers. In J. Orrell & D. Curtis (Eds.), Publishing higher degree research: Making the transition from student to researcher. Sense Publishers.
Procario-Foley, E. G., & Bean, D. F. (2002). Institutions of higher education: Cornerstones in building ethical organizations. Teaching Business Ethics, 6(1), 101–116.
Redwood, S., & Todres, L. (2006). Exploring the ethical imagination: Conversation as practice versus committee as gatekeeper. Qualitative Social Research, 7(2), 38–45.
Rensik, D. B. (2015). What is ethics in research & why is it important?. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm?links=false
Rozuel, C. (2011). The moral threat of compartmentalization: Self, roles and responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(4), 685–697.
Rozuel, C. (2016). Challenging the ‘million zeros’: The importance of imagination for business ethics education. Journal of Business Ethics, 138(1), 39–51.
Sarid, A., & Levanon, M. (2021). Rethinking the theory of communities of practice in education: Critical reflection and ethical imagination. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 1–12.
Shanahan, K. J., & Hyman, M. R. (2003). The development of a virtue ethics scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 197–208.
Singer, P. (2011). Practical ethics. Cambridge University Press.
Singer, P. (2016). One world now: The ethics of globalization. Yale University Press.
Spector, H. (2017). Cultivating the ethical imagination in education: Perspectives from three public intellectuals. The Review of education/pedagogy/cultural studies, 39(1), 39–59.
Stevens, D. M., Brydon-Miller, M., & Raider-Roth, M. (2016). Structured ethical reflection in practitioner inquiry: Theory, pedagogy, and practice. The educational forum (West Lafayette, Ind.), 80(4), 430-443.
Taylor, C. (1992). The ethics of authenticity: Harvard University press.
Thomasma, D. C., & Weisstub, D. N. (Eds.). (2004). The variables of moral capacity (Vol. 21). Springer
Thompson, C. J. (1995). A contextualist proposal for the conceptualization and study of marketing ethics. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 177–191.
To, W. M., & Yu, B. T. (2020). Rise in higher education researchers and academic publications. Emerald Open Research, 2. https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13437.1
Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care (1st ed.). Routledge.
Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T., & Meyer, M. J. (2010). Thinking ethically. Issues in Ethics, (August), 2–5.
Ward, K. (2019). The development of Kant’s view of ethics. Wiley.
White, M. D. (2004). Can homo economicus follow Kant’s categorical imperative? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(1), 89–106.
Wotruba, T. R. (1990). A comprehensive framework for the analysis of ethical behaviour, with a focus on sales organizations. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 10(2), 29–42.
Zembylas, M., Bozalek, V., & Shefer, T. (2014). Tronto’s notion of privileged irresponsibility and the reconceptualisation of care: Implications for critical pedagogies of emotion in higher education. Gender and Education, 26(3), 200–214.
Zuckerman, E. W. (2017). The categorical imperative revisited: Implications of categorization as a theoretical tool. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ala, M., De Vos, S., Nair, S., Orrell, J. (2022). Developing Ethical Mindedness and Ethical Imagination in Postgraduate Professionally Oriented Education. In: Fedoruk, L.M. (eds) Ethics and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Ethics and Integrity in Educational Contexts, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11810-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11810-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11809-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11810-4
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)