Abstract
Single-molecule toroics (SMTs) are a type of multi-metal coordination complexes where onsite magnetic moments are well defined in a vortex arrangement, exhibiting a toroidal magnetic ground state with well-separated excited states. Due to their ability to generate at least two degenerate ground doublets and insensitivity to the external field, SMTs are a promising material for ultrahigh-dense data storage as well as for magnetoelectric couplings. Typically, SMTs can be divided into two groups according to the constitutional metal ions, namely, dysprosium(III)-based and heterometallic-based SMTs. The former is the pioneer, mainly taking advantage of strong magnetic anisotropy of the Dy(III) ion to produce a vortex-arranged magnetic moment where intramolecular dipole-dipole interactions serve as the magnetic links. However, those links are too weak to support the rationalization of SMT behavior at room temperature. In this chapter, we mainly focus on reviewing the latter type, which shows much stronger magnetic exchange couplings. Thus, the energy gap between the ground and the first excited states can be significantly enhanced by 10–100 times compared to the former type. Such advances are inspiring to achieve toroidal moments at much higher temperatures. Other than the 3d-4f SMTs, the pure 3d transition metal and 3d transition metal-radical system are also promising to develop. Moreover, an enhanced toroidal moment approach to connect SMTs to further strengthen the toroidal magnetic moments and enlarge the energy gaps is discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Yamaguchi, Y., Kimura, T.: Magnetoelectric control of frozen state in a toroidal glass. Nat. Commun. 4, 2063–2067 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3063
Gorbatsevich, A.A., Kopaev, Y.V.: Toroidal order in crystals. Ferroelectrics. 161, 321–334 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199408213381
Sannikov, D.G.: Ferrotoroic phase transition in boracites. Ferroelectrics. 219, 177–181 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199808213514
Schmid, H.: On ferrotoroidics and electrotoroidic, magnetotoroidic and piezotoroidic effects. Ferroelectrics. 252, 41–50 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/00150190108016239
Rabe, K.M.: Response with a twist. Nature. 449, 674–675 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/449674a
Dubovik, V.M., Tugushev, V.V.: Toroid moments in electrodynamics and solid-state physics. Phys. Rep. 187, 145–202 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(90)90042-Z
Dong, Z.G., Zhu, J., Rho, J., Li, J.Q., Lu, C., Yin, X., Zhang, X.: Optical toroidal dipolar response by an asymmetric double-bar metamaterial. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 144105 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4757613
Spaldin, N.A., Fiebig, M., Mostovoy, M.: The toroidal moment in condensed-matter physics and its relation to the magnetoelectric effect. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 20, 434203 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/43/434203
Fiebig, M.: Revival of the magnetoelectric effect. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 38, R123–R152 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/8/R01
Kaelberer, T., Fedotov, V.A., Papasimakis, N., Tsai, D.P., Zheludev, N.I.: Toroidal dipolar response in a metamaterial. Science. 330, 1510–1512 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197172
Ederer, C., Spaldin, N.A.: Towards a microscopic theory of toroidal moments in bulk periodic crystals. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 76, 214404 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.214404
Ungur, L., Lin, S.Y., Tang, J., Chibotaru, L.F.: Single-molecule toroics in Ising-type lanthanide molecular clusters. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 6894–6905 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00095A
Van Aken, B.B., Rivera, J.P., Schmid, H., Fiebig, M.: Observation of ferrotoroidic domains. Nature. 449, 702–705 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06139
Ascher, E.: Some properties of spontaneous currents. Helv. Phys. Acta. 39, 40–48 (1966)
Sanvito, S.: The rise of spinterface science. Nat. Phys. 6, 562–564 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1714
Cornia, A., Seneor, O.: The molecular way. Nat. Mater. 16, 505–506 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4900
Tang, J., Hewitt, I., Madhu, N.T., Chastanet, G., Wernsdorfer, W., Anson, C.E., Benelli, C., Sessoli, R., Powell, A.K.: Dysprosium triangles showing single-molecule magnet behavior of thermally excited spin states. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 1729–1733 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200503564
Chibotaru, L.F., Ungur, L., Soncini, A.: The origin of nonmagnetic Kramers doublets in the ground state of dysprosium triangles: Evidence for a toroidal magnetic moment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 4126–4129 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200800283
Luzon, J., Bernot, K., Hewitt, I.J., Anson, C.E., Powell, A.K., Sessoli, R.: Spin chirality in a molecular dysprosium triangle: The archetype of the noncollinear Ising model. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 247205 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.247205
Wang, Y.X., Shi, W., Li, H., Song, Y., Fang, L., Lan, Y., Powell, A.K., Wernsdorfer, W., Ungur, L., Chibotaru, L.F., Shen, M., Cheng, P.: A single-molecule magnet assembly exhibiting a dielectric transition at 470 K. Chem. Sci. 3, 3366–3370 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SC21023A
Guo, P.-H., Liu, J.-L., Zhang, Z.-M., Ungur, L., Chibotaru, L.F., Leng, J.-D., Guo, F.-S., Tong, M.-L.: The first {Dy4} single-molecule magnet with a toroidal magnetic moment in the ground state. Inorg. Chem. 51, 1233–1235 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ic202650f
Gusev, A., Herchel, R., Nemec, I., Shul’gin, V., Eremenko, I.L., Lyssenko, K., Linert, W., Trávníček, Z.: Tetranuclear lanthanide complexes containing a hydrazone-type ligand. Dysprosium [2 × 2] gridlike single-molecule magnet and toroic. Inorg. Chem. 55, 12470–12476 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02449
Langley, S.K., Moubaraki, B., Forsyth, C.M., Gass, I.A., Murray, K.S.: Structure and magnetism of new lanthanide 6-wheel compounds utilizing triethanolamine as a stabilizing ligand. Dalton Trans. 39, 1705–1708 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/B921843B
Ungur, L., Langley, S.K., Hooper, T.N., Moubaraki, B., Brechin, E.K., Murray, K.S., Chibotaru, L.F.: Net toroidal magnetic moment in the ground state of a {Dy6}-triethanolamine ring. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 18554–18557 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja309211d
Garcia, G.F., Guettas, D., Montigaud, V., Larini, P., Sessoli, R., Totti, F., Cador, O., Pilet, G., Guennic, B.L.: A Dy4 cubane: A new member in the single-molecule toroics family. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 17089–17093 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201810156
Zhang, Q., Baker, M.L., Li, S., Sarachik, M.P., Baldoví, J.J., Gaita-Ariño, A., Coronado, E., Alexandropoulosg, D.I., Stamatatos, T.C.: Experimental determination of single molecule toroic behaviour in a Dy8 single molecule magnet. Nanoscale. 11, 15131–15138 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR05182A
Lin, S.-Y., Wernsdorfer, W., Ungur, L., Powell, A.K., Guo, Y.-N., Tang, J., Zhao, L., Chibotaru, L.F., Zhang, H.-J.: Coupling Dy3 triangles to maximize the toroidal moment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12767–12771 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206602
Zhong, L., Chen, W.-B., OuYang, Z.-J., Yang, M., Zhang, Y.-Q., Gao, S., Schulze, M., Wernsdorfer, W., Dong, W.: Unprecedented one-dimensional chain and two-dimensional network dysprosium(iii) single-molecule toroics with white-light emission. Chem. Commun. 56, 2590–2593 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC08852K
Vignesh, K.R., Soncini, A., Langley, S.K., Wernsdorfer, W., Murray, K.S., Rajaraman, G.: Ferrotoroidic ground state in a heterometallic {CrIIIDyIII 6} complex displaying slow magnetic relaxation. Nat. Commun. 8, 1023 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01102-5
Vignesh, K.R., Langley, S.K., Moubaraki, B., Murray, K.S., Rajaraman, G.: Large hexadecametallic {MnIII-LnIII} wheels: Synthesis, structural, magnetic, and theoretical characterization. Chem. Eur. J. 21, 16364–16369 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201503424
Zhang, H.-L., Zhai, Y.-Q., Qin, L., Ungur, L., Nojiri, H., Zheng, Y.-Z.: Single-molecule toroic design through magnetic exchange-coupling. Matter. 2, 1481–1493 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.02.021
Kaemmerer, H., Baniodeh, A., Peng, Y., Moreno-Pineda, E., Schulze, M., Anson, C.E., Wernsdorfer, W., Schnack, J., Powell, A.K.: Inorganic approach to stabilizing nanoscale toroidicity in a Tetraicosanuclear Fe18Dy6 single molecule magnet. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 14838–14842 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c07168
Novitchi, G., Pilet, G., Ungur, L., Moshchalkov, V.V., Wernsdorfer, W., Chibotaru, L.F., Luneau, D., Powell, A.K.: Heterometallic CuII/DyIII 1D chiral polymers: chirogenesis and exchange coupling of toroidal moments in trinuclear Dy3 single molecule magnets. Chem. Sci. 3, 1169–1176 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SC00728B
Wu, J., Li, X.-L., Guo, M., Zhao, L., Zhang, Y.-Q., Tang, J.: Realization of toroidal magnetic moments in heterometallic 3d-4f metallocycles. Chem. Commun. 54, 1065–1068 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC09391H
Ashtree, J.M., Borilović, I., Vignesh, K.R., Swain, A., Hamilton, S.H., Whyatt, Y.L., Benjamin, S.L., Phonsri, W., Forsyth, C.M., Wernsdorfer, W., Soncini, A., Rajaraman, G., Langley, S.K., Murray, K.S.: Tuning the ferrotoroidic coupling and magnetic hysteresis in double-triangle complexes {Dy3MIIIDy3} via the MIII-linker. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2021, 435–444 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202001082
Rinehart, J.D., Fang, M., Evans, W.J., Long, J.R.: Strong exchange and magnetic blocking in N2 3−-radical-bridged lanthanide complexes. Nat. Chem. 3, 538–542 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1063
Alexandropoulos, D.I., Dolinar, B.S., Vignesh, K.R., Dunbar, K.R.: Putting a new spin on supramolecular metallacycles: Co3 triangle and Co4 square bearing tetrazine-based radicals as bridges. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 11040–11043 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06925
Gould, C.A., Darago, L.E., Gonzalez, M.I., Demir, S., Long, J.R.: A trinuclear radical-bridged lanthanide single-molecule magnet. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 10103–10107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201612271
Dolinar, B.S., Alexandropoulos, D.I., Vignesh, K.R., James, T.’.A., Dunbar, K.R., Lanthanide triangles supported by radical bridging ligands: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 908–911 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b12495
Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Huang, H., Lu, J., Liang, R., Liu, J., Peng, R., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Gu, L., Han, X.F., Chen, L.Q., Ramesh, R., Nan, C.W., Zhang, J.: Deterministic reversal of single magnetic vortex circulation by an electric field. Sci. Bull. 65, 1260–1267 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.008
Li, X.L., Tang, J.: Recent developments in single-molecule toroics. Dalton Trans. 48, 15358–15370 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9DT02113B
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, HL., Zhai, YQ., Zheng, YZ. (2022). Rationalization of Room-Temperature Single-Molecule Toroics via Exchange Coupling. In: Murray, K. (eds) Single Molecule Toroics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11709-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11709-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11708-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11709-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)