Responding to Conflict

Carrer, Monica

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11342-0_7

Monica Carrer⁵

Part of the book series: Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies ((RCS))

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Abstract

This chapter investigates the actions and choices that people undertake to respond to the dynamic context of a violent conflict. I examine four dimensions of local people’s action: exit, participation, community solidarity, and voice. The analysis describes a wide range of actions that people described in their own narratives, ranging from experiences participating in armed groups to resistance strategies and community solidarity. Although people’s action was so diverse and dynamic, all these dimensions contribute to a discussion on what everyday peace and everyday resistance may look like in a context of violence.

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Notes

1.
Barter, Civilian Strategy in Civil War: Insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Ibid., 13.
4.
See chapter two on the literature on Maoism in India.
5.
Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, vol. 25 (Harvard University Press, 1970).
6.
Ana Arjona, “Civilian Resistance to Rebel Governance,” IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc (2014).
7.
Masullo J., The Power of Staying Put. Nonviolent Resistance against Armed Groups in Colombia.
8.
Barter, Civilian Strategy in Civil War: Insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
9.
Sengupta, Out of War: Voices of Surrendered Maoists.
10.
Mac Ginty, “Everyday Peace: Bottom-Up and Local Agency in Conflict-Affected Societies,” 555.
11.
See: Gurr, Why Men Rebel.
12.
See: Jeffrey M Paige, Agrarian Revolution (New York: The Free Press, 1975); Gurr, Why Men Rebel; Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia.
13.
See: Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict; F. Stewart, “Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development,” (2002).
14.
See: Samuel L Popkin, The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam (Berkely: University of California Press, 1979); Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, vol. 124 (Harvard University Press, 2009).
15.
See: Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, 268.
16.
See: Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Stoll, Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala.
17.
Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador; Jeff Goodwin, James M Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (University of Chicago Press, 2009).
18.
Humphreys and Weinstein, “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War”.
19.
The name has been changed to protect the identity of the interviewee.
20.
The name has been changed to protect the identity of the interviewee.
21.
Jeff Goodwin, James Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, “The Return of the Repressed: The Fall and Rise of Emotions in Social Movement Theory,” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 5, no. 1 (2000); Jasper, “The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements”; Goodwin, Jasper, and Polletta, Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements.
22.
On moral outrage and protest or rebellion see: Jasper, “The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements”; Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Moore Jr, Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt; Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia.
23.
Jasper, “The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements”.
24.
Ibid., 409.
25.
Shah, “The Intimacy of Insurgency: Beyond Coercion, Greed or Grievance in Maoist India”.
26.
Kriger, Zimbabwe’s Guerrilla War: Peasant Voices.
27.
Sengupta, Out of War: Voices of Surrendered Maoists.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Ibid., 37.
30.
See: Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, 124.
31.
Masullo J., The Power of Staying Put. Nonviolent Resistance against Armed Groups in Colombia.: 20; Arjona, “Civilian Resistance to Rebel Governance”.
32.
Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador: 237.
33.
Ibid.
34.
Moore Jr, Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt.
35.
Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia.
36.
Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, 268.
37.
On selective incentive theories see: Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, 124. Humphreys and Weinstein, “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War”.
38.
See, for example: Collier and Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War”; Fearon and Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War”.
39.
See, for example: Richard Fanthorpe and Roy Maconachie, “Beyond the ‘Crisis of Youth’? Mining, Farming, and Civil Society in Post-War Sierra Leone,” African Affairs 109, no. 435 (2010).
40.
Humphreys and Weinstein, “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War”.
41.
Kalyvas, “Wanton and Senseless?”.
42.
Stoll, Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala.
43.
Ibid.
44.
Ibid.
45.
See chapter three on the myths and stereotypes emerging from the literature and dominant discourse.
46.
See Dipali’s story and everyday peace at chapter four.
47.
See chapter two on research based on the question of why people kill their neighbours, for example Gallegher, “My Neighbour, My Enemy: The Manipulation of Ethnic Identity and the Origins and Conduct of War in Yugoslavia”; Wilmer, The Social Construction of Man, the State, and War: Identity, Conflict, and Violence in Former Yugoslavia.
48.
John Bellows and Edward Miguel, “War and Local Collective Action in Sierra Leone,” Journal of Public Economics 93, no. 11 (2009); M. Voorst et al., “Does Conflict Affect Preferences? Results from Field Experiments in Burundi,” IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc (2010).
49.
SungYong Lee, “Understanding Everyday Peace in Cambodia: Plurality, subtlety, and Connectivity.” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 16, no. 1 (2021): 24–38. Mac Ginty, Everyday Peace. How So Called Ordinary People Can Disrupt Violent Conflict. Anthony Ware and Vicky-Ann Ware, “Everyday Peace: Rethinking Typologies of Social Practice and Local Agency.” Peacebuilding (2021).
50.
Anderson and Wallace, Opting Out of War: Strategies to Prevent Violent Conflict.
51.
Masullo J., The Power of Staying Put. Nonviolent Resistance against Armed Groups in Colombia.: 20–22.
52.
Anderson and Wallace, Opting Out of War: Strategies to Prevent Violent Conflict; Oliver, “Nudging Armed Groups: How Civilians Transmit Norms of Protection”.
53.
Barter, Civilian Strategy in Civil War: Insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
54.
Ibid.
55.
See, for example: Arjona, “Civilian Resistance to Rebel Governance”; Anderson and Wallace, Opting Out of War: Strategies to Prevent Violent Conflict.
56.
Arjona, “Civilian Resistance to Rebel Governance”.
57.
Mac Ginty, Everyday Peace. How So Called Ordinary People Can Disrupt Violent Conflict.
58.
Barter, Civilian Strategy in Civil War: Insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
59.
Anderson and Wallace, Opting Out of War: Strategies to Prevent Violent Conflict; Kaplan, Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves.
60.
Anderson and Wallace, Opting Out of War: Strategies to Prevent Violent Conflict. Kaplan, Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves; Oliver, “Nudging Armed Groups: How Civilians Transmit Norms of Protection”.
61.
Barter, Civilian Strategy in Civil War: Insights from Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines: 31.
62.
Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance.
63.
Lilja et al., “How Resistance Encourages Resistance: Theorizing the Nexus between Power, ‘Organised Resistance' and 'Everyday Resistance’,” 46.

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The Everyday Peace Initiative, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Monica Carrer

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Monica Carrer
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Carrer, M. (2022). Responding to Conflict. In: How People Respond to Violence. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11342-0_7

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11342-0_7
Published: 20 September 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11341-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11342-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

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