Abstract
Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) is often understood as commentary on what it means to be human contra android. Less work has been done on animals in the novel, probably because the animal aspect was downplayed significantly in the movie version Blade Runner (1982), an entrance point for many scholars. Ecocriticism scholar Ursula Heise is one of the few who have focused on the novel’s animals, concluding that Dick demonstrates acceptance of ‘technological simulation of animal life’ to fulfil organic functions.
In this chapter, I build off Heise’s assertion by looking more closely at the central narrative of animal extinction in the novel and how robotic replacements are part of a deextinction process. In the backstory, the religious figure Wilbur Mercer was punished because he could “bring dead animals back as they had been” before after-war contamination by dust caused their extinction. Mercer’s mystical resurrection was dependent on extinct animal resurrection. It is no wonder then that humans, following the teachings of Mercer, worked hard to re-fill the world with animals. Yet since many organic animals were extinct, robotic animals became their replacements. I read the electric replacements as attempts to deextinct species through technological means that blur the boundary between natural and artificial.
Then I apply my analysis of Dick’s writing to the contemporary development of robotic bees in the face of predicted bee extinctions. The Wyss Institute at Harvard University first introduced RoboBees in 2013, and in March 2018, the American company Walmart filed a US patent for ‘Systems and methods for pollinated crops via unmanned vehicles’ using small flying devices as pollinators. The novel helps explain both the rationale behind these developments and how the natural-artificial boundary is made meaningless through them.
For a long time he stood gazing at the owl , who dozed on its perch. A thousand thoughts came into his mind, thoughts about the war, about the days when owls had fallen from the sky; he remembered how in his childhood it had been discovered that species upon species had become extinct and how the ’papes had reported it each day—foxes one morning, badgers the next, until people had stopped reading the perpetual animal obits.
—Philip K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (2007 [1968], 36)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The AIBO artificial intelligence robotic dog from the Japanese technology giant Sony Corporation was introduced to consumers in 1999. After a hiatus in production from 2006 to 2017, AIBO is again being produced. It is the size of a puppy and was designed to mimic behaviours of a pet dog. There is a dedicated AIBO fan base and the robots are highly sought-after commodities.
- 2.
After Blade Runner the movie was released, the book edition covers change radically: they include people to stress the android-human relationship which is the crux of the film.
References
Amador, Guillermo J., and David L. Hu. 2017. Sticky Solution Provides Grip for the First Robotic Pollinator. Chem 2 (2): 162–164.
Asafu-Adjaye, John et al. 2015. An Ecomodernist Manifesto. Accessed 4 June 2020. http://www.ecomodernism.org/manifesto-english/.
Bedini, Silvio A. 1964. The Role of Automata in the History of Technology. Technology and Culture 5 (1): 24–42.
Black Mirror. 2016. Hated in the Nation, Series 3, Episode 6. Directed by James Hawes. Written by Charlies Brooker. Originally Aired 21 October 2016, Netflix.
Campbell, Douglas Ian, and Patrick Michael Whittle. 2017. Resurrecting Extinct Species: Ethics and Authenticity. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
CCD Steering Committee. 2007. Colony Collapse Disorder Action Plan. US Department of Agriculture. Accessed 30 September 2021. https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/ccd/ccd_actionplan.pdf.
———. 2012. Colony Collapse Disorder Progress Report. US Department of Agriculture. Accessed 30 September 2021. http://www.ncrcd.org/files/1514/1150/3617/Colony_Collapse_Disorder_Progress_Report_2012_-_document.pdf.
Chechetka, Svetlana A., Yu Yue, Masayoshi Tange, and Eijiro Miyako. 2017. Materially Engineered Artificial Pollinators. Chem 2 (2): 224–239.
Cole, Simon. 1995. Do Androids Pulverize Tiger Bones to Use as Aphrodisiacs? Social Text 42: 173–193.
Crist, Eileen. 2016. The Reaches of Freedom: A Response to An Ecomodernist Manifesto. Environmental Humanities 7 (1): 245–254.
Dick, Philip K. 1995. Self Portrait. In The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings, ed. Lawrence Sutin, 11–17. New York: Pantheon.
———. 2007 [1968]. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? London: Gollancz.
Doctor Who. 2008a. Partners in Crime, Series 4, Episode 1. Directed by James Strong. Written by Russell T. Davies. Originally Aired 5 April 2008, BBC One. BBC Worldwide, 2008, DVD.
———. 2008b. Planet of the Ood, Series 4, Episode 3. Directed by Graeme Harper. Written by Keith Temple. Originally aired 19 April 2008, BBC One. BBC Worldwide, 2008, DVD.
———. 2008c. The Unicorn and the Wasp, Series 4, Episode 7. Directed by Graeme Harper. Written by Gareth Roberts. Originally Aired 17 May 2008, BBC One. BBC Worldwide, 2008, DVD.
———. 2008d. Turn Left, Series 4, Episode 11. Directed by Graeme Harper. Written by Russell T. Davies. Originally Aired 21 June 2008, BBC One. BBC Worldwide, 2008, DVD.
———. 2008e. The Stolen Earth, Series 4, Episode 12. Directed by Graeme Harper. Written by Russell T. Davies. Originally Aired 28 June 2008, BBC One. BBC Worldwide, 2008, DVD.
Fletcher, Amy L. 2008. Bring ’em Back Alive: Taming the Tasmanian Tiger Cloning Project. Technology in Society 30: 194–201.
———. 2014. Mendel’s Ark: Biotechnology and the Future of Extinction. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
———. 2020. De-extinction and the Genomics Revolution: Life on Demand. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Heise, Ursula. 2003. From Extinction to Electronics: Dead Frogs, Live Dinosaurs, and Electric Sheep. In Zoontologies: The Question of the Animal, ed. Cary Wolfe, 59–83. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
———. 2009. The Andriod and the Animal. PMLA 124: 503–510.
———. 2020. Philip K. Dick’s Futuristic Ecologies. In Philip K. Dick: Essays of the Here and Now, ed. David Sandner, 14–31. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Jørgensen, Dolly. 2019a. Dependence on the Whale: Multispecies Entanglements and Ecosystem Services in Science Fiction. Green Letters 23: 54–67.
———. 2019b. Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age: Histories of Longing and Belonging. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Klein, Alice. 2017. Robotic Bee Could Help Pollinate Crops as Real Bees Decline. New Scientist, 9 February 2017. Accessed 30 September 2021. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2120832-robotic-bee-could-help-pollinate-crops-as-real-bees-decline/.
Lorimer, Jamie, and Clemens Driessen. 2016. From ‘Nazi Cows’ to Cosmopolitan ‘Ecological Engineers’: Specifying Rewilding Through a History of Heck Cattle. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106 (3): 631–652.
Lunde, Maja. 2017. The History of Bees. Trans. Diane Oatley. New York: Touchstone.
Oksanen, Markku, and Helena Siipi, eds. 2014. The Ethics of Animal Re-Creation and Modification: Reviving, Rewilding, Restoring. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Perry, Caroline. 2013. Robotic Insects Make First Controlled Flight. Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2 May 2013. Accessed 30 September 2021. https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2013/05/robotic-insects-make-first-controlled-flight.
Ratnieks, Francis L. W. and Norman L. Carreck. 2010. Clarity on Honey Bee Collapse? Science 327: 152–153.
Robb, Joan and E. G. Turbott. 1971. Tu’i Malila, ‘Cook’s Tortoise’. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 8: 229–233.
Stokstad, Erik. 2007. The Case of the Empty Hives. Science 316: 970–972.
Swart, Sandra. 2015. Zombie Zoology: History and Reanimating Extinct Animals. In The Historical Animal, ed. Susan Nance, 54–71. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Truitt, E.R. 2015. Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Vint, Sherryl. 2007. Speciesism and Species Being in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 40 (1): 111–126.
Zimmerman, Michael E. 2015. Authenticity, Duty, and Empathy in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? In Horizons of Authenticity in Phenomenology, Existentialism and Moral Pschology, edited by Hans Pedersen and Megan Altman, 75–92. Dordrecht: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jørgensen, D. (2022). Resurrecting Species Through Robotics: Animal Extinction and Deextinction in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. In: Borkfelt, S., Stephan, M. (eds) Literary Animal Studies and the Climate Crisis. Palgrave Studies in Animals and Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11020-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11020-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11019-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11020-7
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)