Abstract
Coconut water is a powerhouse of nutrition and its wide application is greatly due to its unique chemical composition providing phytohormones, enzymes, antioxidant compounds, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds etc., which are closely associated with its biological activities and pharmacological effects. Coconut water offers numerous medicinal properties. It has anti-microbial, anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, rejuvenation, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and diuretic properties. Coconut water has therapeutic effect on gastric dysfunction, dysentery and child malnutrition and provides control over hypertension. Results of many medical researches indicate that coconut water can aid in exercise performance, reduce swelling, dissolve kidney stones and improve kidney function, improve digestion, relieve constipation, reduce risk of heart disease, lower high blood pressure, and improve cholesterol levels. Consumption of tender coconut water reduces the risk of heart disease, helps to prevent AD pathologies, and prevent osteoporosis in experimental animals. The unique nutritional profile of coconut water also gives it the power to balance body chemistry, fight cancer etc. This chapter elaborates the health benefits of both tender and mature coconut water and their role in reducing the occurrence of life style diseases and providing a healthy life.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abara AE, Obochi GO, Malu SP, Obi-Abang M, Ekam VS, Uboh FU (2007) Effect of caffeine-coconut products interactions on induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in Wistar albino rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 22(1–2):75–81
Abara AE, Obochi GO, Obi-Abang M (2008) Effects of coconut product–caffeine interactions on liver cells in Wistar albino rats. Toxicol Environ Chem 90(6):1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772240801937321
Abbas G, Naqvi S, Dar A (2012) Comparison of monoamine reuptake inhibitors for the immobility time and serotonin levels in the hippocampus and plasma of sub-chronically forced swim stressed rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 25(2):441–445
Acharya VN, Gupta KC, Golwala AF, Store SD, Sheth UK (1965) Comparative study of intravenous use of natural coconut water, synthetic coconut water and glucose saline in gastro-enteritis. Indian J Med Res 53(11):1069–1073
Adegoke BM, Oloyede BO (2013) Antihyperglycemic and antihyperproteinaemic activity of extracts of Picralima nitida seed and Tapinanthus bangwensis leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Int J Innov Appl Stud 3(4):1125–1131
Adekoya BJ, Shah SP, Onakoya AO, Ayanniyi AA (2014) Glaucoma in Southwest Nigeria: clinical presentation, family history and perceptions. Int Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-014-9903-2. 11 pages
Adewoye AH, Chen TC, Ma Q, McMahon L, Mathieu J, Malabanan A, Steinberg M, Holick MF (2008) Sickle cell bone disease. Response to vitamin D and calcium. Am J Haematol 83(4):271–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.21085
Adrogue HJ, Madias NE (2007) Sodium and potassium in pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 356:1966–1978. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra064486
Agbafor SO, Elom ME, Ogbanshi AO, Oko AJ, Uraku VUO, Nwankwo BA, Ale, Obiudu KI (2015) Antioxidant property and cardiovascular effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water. Intl J Biochem Res Rev 5(4):259–263
Aggarwal A, Singla SK, Gandhi M, Tandon C (2012) Preventive and curative effects of Achyranthes aspera Linn. extract in experimentally induced nephrolithiasis. Indian J Exp Biol 50:201–208
Airaodion AI, Ekenjoku JA, Megwas AU, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC (2019a) Antihypertensive potential of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water in Wistar rats. Asian J Res Cardiovasc Dis 1(1):1–8
Airaodion AI, Ekenjoku JA, Ngwogu KO, Ngwogu AC (2019b) Consumption of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water improved fertility parameters in male Wistar rats. Asian J Pregnancy Childbirth 2(3):1–7
Ajao SM, Olayaki LA, Oshiba OJ, Jimoh RO, Jimoh SA, Olawepo A, Abioye AIR (2009) Comparative study of the hypoglycemic effects of coconut water extract of Picralima nitida seeds (Apocynaceae) and Daonil in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Afr J Biotechnol 8(4):574–576
Ajayi OI, Arishe OO (2015) Ionic fluxes in erythrocyte membranes of sickle cell anaemia subject at different tonicities. J Afr Assoc Physiol Sci 3(2):94–98
Ajayi OI, Igwillo VO (2016) Increased resistance to osmotic lysis of sickle erythrocytes induced by Cocos nucifera water. J Afr Assoc Physiol Sci 4(2):109–112
Ajayi OI, Ogbee JI (2010) Reversible effects of coconut water on sickled red blood cells. Abstract 24, Proceeding of the 30th Annual Scientific Conference of the Physiological Society of Nigeria held at the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, pp. 78–83
Ajeigbe KO, Ndaman ZA, Amegor OF, Onifade AA, Asuk AA, Ibironke GF, Olaleye SB (2011) Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potential of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) in rats and mice. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5(9):1116–1122
Akpro LA, Gbogouri GA, Konanb BR, Issali AE, Konanc KJL, Broua KD, Nemlin GJ (2019) Phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity and non-enzymatic browning of sugars extracted from the water of immature coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Sci Afr 6:e00123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00123. 9 pages
Al-Adhroey AH, Nor ZM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Amran AA, Mahmud R (2011) Evaluation of the use of Cocos nucifera (L.) as antimalarial remedy in Malaysian folk medicine. J Ethno Pharm 135:501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.026
Al-azzawie HF, Umran A, Hyader NH (2013) Oxidative stress, antioxidant and DNA damage in a mercury exposure workers. Br J Pharm Toxicol 4(3):80–88. https://doi.org/10.19026/bjpt.4.5367
Albert KG, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation 13. Diabet Med 15:539–553
Albright F, Reifenstein EC (1948) Metabolic bone disease: osteoporosis. In: Albright F, Reifenstein EC (eds) The parathyroid glands and metabolic bone disease. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 145–204
Aldebasi YH, Reddy PR, Nair VG, Ahmed MI (2015) Screening for diabetic retinopathy: the optometrist’s perspective. Clin Optom 7:1–14. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S36603
Ali MK, Narayan KMV, Tandon N (2010) Diabetes and coronary heart disease: current perspectives. Ind J Med Res 132:584–597
Ali SA, Al-Jundi S, Mhaidat N, Awawdeh L, Naffa R (2011) Effect of coconut water concentration on survival of bench-dried periodontal ligament cells. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 4(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1074
Alleyne T, Roache S, Thomas C, Shirley A (2005) The control of hypertension by use of coconut water and mauby: two tropical food drinks. West Indian Med J 54(1):3–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0043-31442005000100002
Al-Matrafi TA (2021) Effects of coconut oil on Alzheimer disease. Intl J Adv and ApplScis 8(5):122–129. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.05.013
Amagon KI, Wannang NN, Omale S, Jimam NS (2013) Preliminary study on Cocos nucifera water for conceptive and antiabortive properties. Scholarly J Med 3(2):19–22
Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen HL, Andreasen FM (1995) Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 1. Diagnosis and healing complications. Endod Dent Traumatol 11(2):51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00461.x
Anonymous (2013) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Daily Reference Intakes – Food and Nutri Board. http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes
Anselme AL, Albarin GG, Jean-Louis KK, Brice GJ, Jean NG (2018a) Glycaemic index of sugars extracted from immature coconut water: case of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) WAT, MYD and PB121+. J Bio Sci Med 6(8):99–110. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2018.68008
Anselme AL, Louis KKJ, Albarin GG, Roger BK, Didier YS (2018b) Physicochemical coconut water assessment and of the microbiological quality of its sugar extracted of five coconuts ecotypes at the Marc Delorme Station, Côte d’Ivoire. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Tech 9(1):24–31. https://doi.org/10.21276/Ijabpt
Anurag P, Rajamohan T (2003b) Beneficial effect of tender coconut water against isoproterenol induced toxicity on heart mitochondrial activities in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophy 40:278–280
Anurag P, Rajamohan T (2003a) Cardioprotective effects of tender coconut water in experimental myocardial infarction. Plant Food Hum Nutr 58(3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAL.0000040363.64356.05
Anurag P, Sandhya VG, Rajamohan T (2007) Cardioprotective effect of tender coconut water. Indian Cocon J 37:22–25
Anzaldo FE, Kintanar QL, Recto PM, Velasco RU, de la Cruz F, Lacalne A (1985) Coconut water as intravenous fluid. Philipp J Cocon Stud 10(1):31–43
Apak R, Ozyurek M, Guclu K, Capanoglu E (2016) Antioxidant activity/capacity measurement. 1. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays. J Agric Food Chem 64(5):997–1027. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04739
Appaiah P, Sunil L, Prasanth Kumar PK, Gopala Krishna AG (2015) Physicochemical characteristics and stability aspects of coconut water and kernel at different stages of maturity. J Food Sci Technol 52(8):5196–5203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1559-4
Araujo ID, Grossi GCX, Diniz SOF, Nunes TA, Braga EA, Cardoso VN (2010) Effects of the povidone-iodine (PVPI) in treatment of bacterial peritonitis induced in rats. Acta Cir Bras 24(4):322–327. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502010000400004
Ardila CM, García BJA (2020) Antimicrobial resistance of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia in periodontitis patients. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 22:215–218
Asagba SO, Obi FO (2005) A comparative evaluation of the biological effects of environmental cadmium contaminated control diet and laboratory cadmium supplemented test diet. Biometals 18(2):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-004-4257-2
Astuti S (2008) Isoflavon Kedelai dan Potensinya sebagai Penangkap Radikal Bebas (Isoflavon soybean and its potential as free radical catchers). Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian 13(2):126–136. https://doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v13i2.126%20-%20136
Awawdeh L, Haimour RN, Al-Jundi SH, Al-Qaoud K (2018) Human periodontal fibroblasts viability stored in Custodiol®, coconut water, and propolis. An ex vivo study. Dental Traumatol 34:264–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12403
Aydos K, Guven MC, Can B, Ergun A (2001) Nicotine toxicity to the ultrastructure of the testis in rats. BJU Int 88(6):622–626. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-4096.2001.02384.x
Bachrach LR, Gardner JM (2002) Care giver knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding childhood diarrhea and dehydration in Kingston, Jamaica. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 12(1):37–44
Baharvand M, Shokri M, Hassani S, Mirzaei H, Mahdian M (2021) Antibacterial effect of coconut water and coconut oil on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 6(3):40–45
Bakare AA, Duru FI, Akinsola OJ (2014) Effects of immature coconut water on hyper prolactine induced oxidative stress in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Int Res J Basic Clin Stud 2(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.14303/irjbcs.2013.037
Bakare AA, Oremosu AA, Akinsola OJ (2013) Estrous cycle study on green coconut water in experimentally induced hyperprolactine in female Sprague-Dawleys rats. Scholars J Appl Med Sci 1(6):1031–1035
Balit T, Asae A, Boonyoung P, Chanchula K, Hiranphan P, Panityakul T, Radenahmad N (2018) Optimal doses and neuroprotective effects of prolonged treatment with young coconut juice in orchidectomized rats. A preliminary study. Songklanakarin. J Sci Technol 40(2):475–483
Balit T, Wahhab MAA, Radenahmad N (2019) Young coconut juice reduces some histopathological changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease through the modulation of estrogen receptors in orchidectomized rat brains. J Aging Res 2019(4):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7416419
Barlina R (2004) Potensi buah kelapa muda untuk kesehatan dan pengolahannya (Potency of tender coconut for health and its processing). Perspektif 3(2):46–60. https://doi.org/10.21082/p.v3n2.2004.46-60
Baynes JW, Thorpe SR (1999) Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 48(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1
Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T (2010a) Tender coconut water maintains the level of electrolytes and renin in fructose-fed hypertensive rats. Int J Biol Med Res 1(3):44–48
Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T (2010b) Beneficial effects of tender coconut water on blood pressure and lipid levels in experimental hypertension. J Cell Tissue Res 10(1):2139–2144
Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T (2012) Therapeutic effect of tender coconut water on oxidative stress in fructose fed insulin resistant hypertensive rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5(4):270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60038-8
Bharath MJ, Sahadev CK, Ramachandra PK, Rudranaik S, George J, Thomas A (2015) Comparative evaluation of four transport media for maintaining cell viability in transportation of an avulsed tooth – an in vitro study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 5(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.151981
Bielecka M, Biedrzycka E, Biedrzycka E, Smoragiewicz W, Smieszek M (1998) Interaction of Bifidobacterium and Salmonella during associated growth. Int J Food Microbiol 45(2):151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00150-0
Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Omer Kalayci O (2012) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J 5(1):9–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
Bispo VS, Dantas LS, Filho CAB, Pinto IFD, Silva RPD, Otsuka FAM, Santos RB, Santos AC, Trindade HR (2017) Reduction of the DNA damages, hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant potential of the coconut water, ascorbic and caffeic acids in oxidative stress mediated by ethanol. An Acad Bras Cienc 89(2):1095–1109. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160581
Borges KMB, Azevedo IM, Celani LMS, Medeiros AC (2017) Lavagem Peritoneal com Água de Coco em Ratos com Sepse Abdominal e seus Efeitos no Peritônio (Peritoneal lavage with coconut water in rats with abdominal sepsis and its effects in peritoneum). J Surg Clin Res 8(1):42–55. https://doi.org/10.20398/jscr.v8i1.13035
Borse BB, Rao LJM, Ramalakshmi K, Raghavan B (2007) Chemical composition of volatiles from coconut sap (neera) and effect of processing. Food Chem 101:877–880
Bracci M, Tomasetti M, Malavolta M, Bonacucina V, Mocchegiani E, Santarelli L (2008) L-arginine reduces mercury accumulation in tymus of mercury-exposed mice : role of nitric axide synthase activity and metallothionins. Ind Health 46:567–574. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.46.567
Brocco MC, Gomez RS, Paulo DNS, Almeida CED, Baptista JFA (2012) Histological features of peritoneal lavage with ropivacaine in rats with fecal peritonitis. Acta Cir Bras 27(2):193–199. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502012000200016
Brower VA (2003) Second chance for hormone replacement therapy? EMBO Rep 4(12):1112–1115. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400043
Brufani M, Rizzi N, Meda C, Filocamo L, Ceccacci F, D’Aiuto V, Bartoli G, Bella A, Migneco LM, Bettolo RM, Leonelli F, Ciana P, Maggi A (2017) Novel locally active estrogens accelerate cutaneous wound healing—part 2. Sci Rep 7:2510. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02820-y. 14 pages
Bushra R, Aslam N, Khan AY (2011) Food – drug interactions. Oman Med J 26(2):77–83. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2011.21
Calleja-Agius J, Muscat-Baron Y, Brincat MP (2007) Skin ageing. Menopause Int 13(2):60–64. https://doi.org/10.1258/175404507780796325
Campbell-Falck D, Falck TT, Tutuo TMN, Clem K (2000) The intravenous use of coconut water. Am J Emerg Med 18(1):108–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90062-7
Cannon JW (2018) Hemorrhagic shock. New Engl J Med 378(4):370–379. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1705649
Caparrotta TM, Antoine DJ, Dear JW (2018) Are some people at increased risk of paracetamol-induced liver injury? A critical review of the literature. Eur J Clin Pharm 74(2):147–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-017-2356-6
Carpenter CC, Mondal A, Mitra PP, Modal H (1964) Green coconut water. A readily available source of K ion for cholera patients. Bull Cal Sch Trop Med 12:20–21
Chang C, Wu RT (2011) Quantification of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin in coconut water by LC–MS. Food Chem 126:710–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.034
Chauhan OP, Asha S, Raju PS, Bawa AS (2007) Development of fruit flavoured tender coconut water RTS beverage. Paper presented at Indian Convention of Food Scientists and Technologists (ICFOST), 31 Dec 2007–3 Jan 2008, Indian Institute of Tech, Kharagpur, India, TC08, p. 71
Chen Z, Wang O, Nie M, Elison K, Zhou D, Li M, Jiang Y, Xia W, Meng X, Chen S, Xing X (2015) Aromatase deficiency in a Chinese adult man caused by aromatase deficiency in a Chinese adult man caused by novel compound heterozygous CYP19A1mutations: effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the bone, lipid, liver and glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 399:32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.016
Cheng CJ, Chiu JS, Huang WH, Lin SH (2005) Acute hyperkalemic paralysis in a uremic patient. J Nephrol 18(5):630–633
Cheng JT, Liu IM, Tzeng TF, Chen WC, Hayakawa S, Yamamoto T (2003) Release of beta-endorphin by caffeic acid to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Horm Metab Res 35(4):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39482
Chinedu E, Onah IA, Amaje PO, Jacob DL (2018) Evaluation of the antiproliferative potential of Cocos nucifera juice. J Herbmed Pharmacol 7(3):124–128. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2018.21
Chockalingam A (2008) World hypertension day and global awareness. Can J Cardiol 24(6):441–444
Cholan PK, Manipal S, Rajmohan, Kumar R (2017) Assessment of the anti- fungal activity of green coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) on Candida albicans, an in-vitro study. J Pharm Sci Res 9(2):251–254
Christiansen C, Lindsay R (1990) Estrogen, bone loss and preservation. Osteoporos Int 1(1):7–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01880410
Christina YI, Ibrahim M, Rifa’i M (2015) Polyherbal EMSA ERITIN blocks nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-ΰB) and proinflammatory cytokines in irradiated mice. Am J Immuno 11(1):17–25. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2015.17.25
Cole GM, Lim GP, Yang F, Teter B, Begum A, Ma Q, White MEH, Frautschy A (2005) Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions. Neuro Biol Aging 26(1):133–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.005
Colovic MB, Krstic DZ, Lazarevic-Pasti TD, Bondzic AM, Vasic VM (2013) Acetylcholin-esterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol 11(3):315–335. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11311030006
Compton C, Rhee R (2005) Peripheral vascular trauma. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 17(4):297–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/153100350501700404
Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Leitman T (2003) Important causes of visual impairment in the world today. JAMA 290(15):2057–2060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.15.2057
Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK (2009) Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP) follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 169(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.523
Cooke IP, Singer AH, Tsao P, Zera P, Roman RA, Billinghan MP (1992) Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest 90:1168–1171
D’Costa VF, Bangera MK, Kini S, Kutty SM, Ragher M (2017) An In vitro comparison of coconut water, milk, and saline in maintaining periodontal ligament cell viability. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 9(Suppl 1):107–111. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_117_17
da Fonseca AM, Bizerra AMC, da Souza JSN, Monte FJQ, de Oliveira MCF, de Mattos MC, Cordell GA, Braz-Filho R, Lemos TLG (2009b) Constituents and antioxidant activity of two varieties of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.). Rev Bras Farmacogn 19(1):193–198. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2009000200002
da Fonseca AM, Monte FJQ, de Oliveira MCF, de Mattos MC, Cordell R, Braz-Fliho GA, TLG L (2009a) Coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) – a new biocatalyst system for organic synthesis. J Mol Catal B Enzym 57(1–4):78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.06.022
Daan NM, Fauser BC (2015) Menopause prediction and potential implications. Maturitas 82(3):257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.019
Das KK, Das SN, Dasgupta S (2001) The influence of ascorbic acid on nickel-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 12:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1515/JBCPP.2001.12.3.187
de Farias DC, Mariz JC, Silva PMN, Medeiros VFLP, Macedo Filho R, Carvalho MDF, Araújo-Filho I, Rêgo ACM, Azevedo IM, Medeiros AC (2013) Volume replacement with coconut water in rats with hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Cl Res 4(2):35–44. https://doi.org/10.20398/jscr.v4i2.5490
de Souza BDM, Bortoluzzi EA, Reyes-Carmona J, Santos LG, Simoes CM, Felippe WT, Felippe MCS (2017) Effect of temperature and seven storage media on Hum periodontal ligament fibroblast viability. Dent Traumatol 33(2):100–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12311
de Souza BDM, Alves AMH, dos Santos LGP, Simões CMO, Felippe WT, Felippe MCS (2016) Fibroblast viability after storage at 20°C in milk, Hank’s balanced salt solution and coconut water. Braz Dent J 27(4):404–407. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600748
DebMandal M, Mandal S (2011) Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60078-3
Delgado MC (2004) Potassium in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 6(1):31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-004-0008-6
Desmawati D, Sulastri D (2019) Phytoestrogens and their health effect. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 7(3):495–499. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.086
Devasagayam T, Tilak J, Boloor K, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele R (2004) Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J Assoc Physicians India 52:794–804
Devgun MS (2016) Coconut water drink and the risk of hyperkalaemia in diabetes. Pract Diabetes 33(3):87–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi.2009
Devi MKN (2016) A study to assess the effectiveness of tender coconut water in reducing pain during micturition among children with urinary tract infection admitted in urological ward at, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai. A dissertation submitted to in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Sci in Nursing, The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, p. 99
Dey G, Chakraborty M, Mitra A (2005) Profiling C6–C3 and C6–C1 phenolic metabolites in Cocos nucifera. J Plant Physiol 162(4):375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.08.006
Dhanya VT, Eapen J, Premlal S (2017) Lithotriptic effect of combination of matsyakshi (Alternanthera sessilis Linn. r.br.,) and tender coconut water in albino rats. Int Res J Pharm 8(9):56–64. https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.089158
Dören M, Nilsson JA, Johnell O (2003) Effects of specific post-menopausal hormone therapies on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 18(8):1737–1746. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg315
Duda EZ, Merena BS, Rodak MB, Ochab MK (2018) Natural antioxidants–properties and possible applications. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng 5(4):251–258. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2018.05.00146
Edem GD, Ekanem AU, Mbadugha CC (2016) Ameliorating effect of coconut water on the epithelium and gastric goblet cells of albino Wistar rats induced with castor oil. Int J Biol Res 1(4):22–28
Ediriweera ERHSS (2003) Medicinal uses of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Cocoinfo Int 10:11–21
Edison EE, Ann OM (2018) Cocos nucifera water: therapeutic benefits and sickle cell anaemia: a review. Int J Innov Sci Res Tech 3(8):514–520
Effiong GS, Ebong PE, Eyong EU, Uwah AJ, Ekong UE (2010) Amelioration of chloramphenicol induced toxicity in rats by coconut water. J Appl Sci Res 6(4):331–335
Ehmeeda MA, Kristina TN, Suwondo A, Sunoko HR (2018) The effectivity of green coconut water to reduce mercury level in the blood and to improve blood profiles and liver cells appearance (study in Sprague Dawley rats). E3S Web of Conferences 31, 0600, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183106001, 8 pages
Ehsayed HH, Sobhi HM, Kassem MS (2020) Coconut liquid as dietary interventions for hyperglycemic rats. Plant Arch 20(Supplement 1):3395–3403
Eiseman B (1954) Intravenous infusion of coconut water. J Am Med Assoc Arch Surg 68(2):167–168. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1954.01260050169005
Eiseman B, Lozano RE, Hager T (1954) Clinical experience in intravenous administration of coconut water. J Am Med Assoc Arch Surg 69(1):87–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHSURG.1954.01270010089013
Eriksson LS, Broomé U, Kalin M, Lindholm M (1992) Hepatotoxicity due to repeated intake of low doses of paracetamol. J Intern Med 231(5):567–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00976.x
Esquenazi D, Wigg MD, Miranda MM, Rodríguez HM, Tostes JB, Rozental S, da Silva J, Alviano CS (2002) Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of polyphenolics from Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) husk fiber extract. Res Microbiol 153(10):647–652
Evans P, Halliwell B (2001) Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status. Br J Nutr 85(Suppl 2):67–74
Eze ED, Mohammed A, Musa KY, Tanko Y, Isa AS (2012) Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) on lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Br Pharm Toxicol 3:102–109
Fan X, Wagner K, Sokorai KJB, Ngo H (2017) Inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria by novel phenolic branched-chain fatty acids. J Food Prot 80(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-080
Farapti (2015) Tender coconut water as alternative food to increase potassium intake among prehypertension adult female? Health Sci J Indones 6:12–16
Farapti (2016) Understanding sodium and potassium content of coconut water and the role as healthy food. Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Food Agriculture and Natural Resources 2016 Universitas Brawijaya, Malang – East Java, Indonesia 2–4 August 2016, pp. 5–12
Farapti, Sayogo S, Siregar P (2013) Effect of tender coconut water on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive women. Health Sci J Indones 4(2):64–68
Farapti, Sayogo S, Siregar P (2017) Plasma potassium levels in healthy prehypertension subjects and the role of a high potassium drink. Curr Hypertens Rev 13(1):65–70. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402113666170224112334
Fazelian S, Hoseini M, Namazi N, Heshmati J, Kish MS, Mirfatahi M, Olia ASS (2014) Effects of L-arginine supplementation on antioxidant status and body composition in obese patients with pre-diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Adv Pharm Bull 4(1):449–454. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2014.066
Felipe JC, Nascimento LAT, Souza GSS, Toledo LN, Medeiros VB, Azevedo IM, Medeiros AC (2014) Coconut water as a resuscitation fluid and their effect on colon anastomosis healing in rats with hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Clin Res 5(2):80–91. https://doi.org/10.20398/jscr.v5i2.7264
Fernando WMADB, Martins IJ, Goozee KG, Brennan CS, Jayasena V, Martins RN (2015) The role of dietary coconut for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: potential mechanisms of action. Br J Nutr 114(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515001452
Feyisayo AK, Victor AC (2019) Assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Picralima nitida seed extracts. J Med Plants Res 13(1):9–17. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2018.6680
Fife B (2008) Coconut water for health and healing. Piccadilly Books, Ltd, Colorado Springs, CO, p 224
Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway KG, Adarns JL, Frasco MA, Cook MB, Fraumeni JF, Hoover RN (2014) Increase risk of non-fetal myocardial infraction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One 9(1):e85805. https://doi.org/10.1371/J.pone.0085805
Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ (2009) Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dyn Med 8:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-5918-8-1. 29 pages
Fong DS, Aiello LP, Ferris FLIII, Klein R (2004) Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 27(10):2540–2553
Fowoyo P, Alamu J (2018) Nutritional composition and antimicrobial acidity of coconut water against selected gastrointestinal pathogens. Int J Micro Biol Appl 5(1):1–8. http://www.openScionline.com/journal/ijma
Gandhi M, Aggarwal M, Puri S, Singla SK (2013) Prophylactic effect of coconut water (Cocos nucifera) on ethylene glycol induced nephrocalcinosis in male Wistar rats. Intl Brazilian J Urology 39(1):108–117. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2013.01.14
Ge L, Yong JWH, Goh NK, Chia LS, Tan SN, Ong ES (2005) Identification of kinetin and kinetin riboside in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water using a combined approach of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B 829:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.026
Ge L, Tan S, Yong JW, Tan SN (2006) CE for cytokinin analyses: a review. Electrophoresis 27(23):4779–4791. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600195
Geetha V, Kumar MAS, Chetana R, Krishna GAG, Kumar SG (2016) Effect of shelf stable concentrates of tender coconut water and testa phenolics on lipid profile and liver antioxidant enzymes in high fat fed rats. Global J Bio Agric Health Sci 5(2):25–30
Giachini FR, Callera GE, Carneiro FS, Tostes RC, Webb RC (2008) Therapeutic targets in hypertension: is there a place for antagonists of the most potent vasoconstrictors? Expert Opin Ther Targets 12(3):327–339. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.12.3.327
Gibbs RB, Aggarwal P (1998) Estrogen and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive decline. Horm Behav 34:98–111
Goderska K, Czarnecki Z (2007) Characterization of selected strains from lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Afr J Micro Biol Res 1(6):65–78
Goldsmith HS (1962) Coconut water for intravenous therapy. Br J Surg 49:421–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18004921617
Gopikrishna V, Thomas T, Kandaswamy D (2008) A quantitative analysis of coconut water: a new storage media for avulsed teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 105(2):61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.003
Graham GG, Scott KF (2005) Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Therap 12(1):46–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200501000-00008
Gullapalli HS, Tekade AP, Gullapalli NH (2013) Effect of supplementation of tender coconut water on blood pressure of primary hypertensive subjects. Intl J Med Res Health Scis 2(2):172–176
Gutmann JL, Gutmann M (1995) Cause, incidence, and prevention of trauma to teeth. Dent Clin N Am 39(1):1–13
Habbeebu S, Liu J, Klaassen CD (1998) Cadmium–induced apoptosis in mouse liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 149(2):203–209. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1997.8334
Hadley GP (2014) Intra-abdominal sepsis—epidemiology, aetiology and management. Semin Pediatr Surg 23(6):357–362. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.008
Hakimian J, Goldbarg SH, Park CH, Kerwin TC (2014) Death by coconut. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7(1):180–181. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000941
Hansteen BH (2002) The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacol Ther 96(2–3):67–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00298-x
Harris F, Dennison S, Phoenix D (2011) Anionic antimicrobial peptides from eukaryotic organisms and their mechanisms of action. Curr Chem Biol 5(2):142–153. https://doi.org/10.2174/2212796811105020142
Harris F, Dennison SR, Phoenix DA (2009) Anionic antimicrobial peptides from eukaryotic organisms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 10(6):585–606. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920309789630589
Heo HJ, Hong SC, Cho HY, Hong B, Kim HK, Kim E, Shin DH (2002) Inhibitory effect of zeatin, isolated from Fatoua villosa, on acetylcholinesterase activity from PC12 cells. Mol Cells 13(1):113–117
Hermansen K (2000) Diet, blood pressure and hypertension. Br J Nutr 83:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001045
Higashi Y, Higashi K, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Ishii K, Nakahara T (2018) Anti-cataract effect of resveratrol in high-glucose-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull 41:1586–1592. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b18-00328
Houston MC (2007) The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Altern Therap Health Med 13(2):128–133
Huizinga MM, Rothman RL (2006) Addressing the diabetes pandemic. A comprehensive approach. Ind J Med Res 124(5):481–484
Igbokwe GE, Ikwuka DC, Okpala CO, Ezugwu UM, Chibeze US, Ugwu P, Nworgu CC (2020) Biochemical indices on coconut water for packaging as infusion fluid and its effect on kidney function of fasted Wister rats. EC Endocrinol Metabol Res 5(10):3–8. https://doi.org/10.31080/ecemr.2020.05.00216
Igwe CU, Iheme CI, Alisi CS, Nwaogu LA, Ibegbulem CO, Ene AC (2016) Lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices of albino rabbits administered coconut water as antidote to paracetamol overdose. J Coastal Life Med 4(12):974–979. https://doi.org/10.12980/jclm.4.2016J6-223
Iqbal QM (1976) Direct infusion of coconut water. Med J Malaysia 30(3):221–223
Isgaard J, Kujacic V, Jennische E, Holmang A, Sun XY, Hedner T, Hjalmarson A, Benotsson BA (1997) Growth hormone improves cardiac function in rats with experimental myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Investig 27(6):517–525. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1430692.x
Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Greco E, Gianfrills D, Bonifacio V, Isidori A, Lenzi A, Fabbri A (2005) Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol 63(3):280–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02339.x
Jan AT, Ali A, Haq QMR (2011) Glutathione as an antioxidant in inorganic mercury induced nephrotoxicity. J Postgrad Med 57(1):72–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.74298
Jana K, Samanta PK, De DK (2010) Nicotine diminishes testicular gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in adult albino rats: possible influence on pituitary gonadotropins and alteration of testicular antioxidant status. Toxicol Sci 116(2):647–659. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq149
Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder CG, Nordberg G, Vahter M (1998) Health effects of cadmium exposure – a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 24(suppl 1):1–51
Jean WH, Yong LG, Yan FN, Swee NT (2009) The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water. Molecules 14:5144–5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144
Jesuorsemwen EB, Ebikere II, Ozede IN, Eghomwanre AF (2016) Hematobiochemical changes of lead poisoning and amelioration with coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water in Wistar albino rats. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 20(1):89–94. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i1.11
Johnkennedy N, Joy DN, Ndubueze EH, Melvina N, Richard EVO (2013) Antioxidant and cardioprotective effect of coconut water against doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ 2(2):37–41
Johnkennedy N, Ndubueze EH, Augustine I, Chioma D, Okey EC (2014) Coconut water consumption and its effect on sex hormone concentrations. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ 3(2):107–110
Kalman DS, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Bloomer RJ (2012) Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-1. 10 pages
Kantachote D, Ratanaburee A, Hayisama W, Sukhoom A, Nunkaew T (2017) The use of potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum DW12 for producing a novel functional beverage from mature coconut water. J Funct Foods 32:401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.018
Kenneth EM, Omotosho AE, Itokem K (2018) Effect of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water on the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen in rabbits. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci 5(2):157–161
Kenny DJ, Barrett EJ (2001) Pre-relantation storage of avulsed teeth: fact and fiction. J Calif Dental Assoc 29(4):275–281
Khan MA, Tania M, Zhang D, Chen H (2010) Antioxidant enzymes and cancer. China J Cancer Res 22(2):87–92
Khan S (2003) Role of diet, nutrients, spices and natural products in diabetes mellitus. Pak J Nutr 2(1):1–12
Khanna A, Lefkowitz L, White WB (2008) Evaluation of recent fixed-dose combination therapies in the manage of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 17(5):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283069d72
Khinda VIS, Kaur G, Brar GS, Kallar S, Khurana H (2017) Clinical and practical implications of storage media used for tooth avulsion. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 10(2):158–165. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1427
Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY (2006) Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. J Ethnopharmacol 104(1–2):119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.059
Kingpin (2005) Oral rehydration solution: An inexpensive and effective to dehydration and fluid replacement. Retrieved from http://www.alpharubicon.com/med/oralrehykingpin.htm
Kinirons MJ, Gregg TA, Welbury RR, Cole BOI (2000) Variations in the presenting and treatment features in reimplanted permanent incisors in children and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption. Br Dent J 189(5):263–266. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800740
Kobayashi H, Morisaki N, Tago Y, Hashimoto Y, Iwasaki S, Kawachi E, Nagata R, Shudo K (1997) Structural identification of a major cytokinin in coconut milk as 14-O-(3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1–>2)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl- (1–>3)-alpha-Larabinofuranosyl]-4-O-(alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl)- beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-trans-zeatin riboside. Chem Pharm Bull 45:260–264
Kuberski T, Roberts A, Linehan B, Bryden RN, Teburae M (1979) Coconut water as a rehydration fluid. N Z Med J 90(641):98–100
Kumar S, Bajwa BS, Singh K, Kalia AN (2013) Anti-inflammatory activity of herbal plants: a review. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem 2(2):272–281
Kumar S, Manna K, Das A (2018) Tender coconut water attenuates heat stress-induced testicular damage through modulation of the NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Food Funct 9(10):5463–5479. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01207e
Kumarappan CT, Rao TN, Mandal SC (2007) Polyphenolic extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens modifies hyperlipidemia status in diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Biol 6:175–187
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Oyovwi MO, DuroLadipo MA, Raji Y (2014) Cocos nucifera L. water improves reproductive indices in Wistar rats. Afr J Med Med Sci 43(4):305–313
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Onowugbeda EO, Adesina MR, Raji Y (2015a) Effects of coconut water on reproductive functions of female Wistar rats: a preliminary investigation. Arch Basic Appl Med 3(1):135–139
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Raji Y (2015b) Coconut water alters maternal high fat diet induced changes in hormones and pup morphometry of Wistar rats. Afr J Med Med Sci 44(2):133–144
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Oyovwi M, Ladipo MD, Raji Y (2015c) Effects of coconut water on reproductive functions in danazol treated Wistar rats. FASEB J 29(1):685.1. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.685.1
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Raji Y (2016) Cardioprotective and renoprotective effects of Cocos nucifera water in offspring of high fat diet fed Wistar rat dams. J Coastal Life Med 4(8):634–638. https://doi.org/10.12980/jclm.4.2016J6-113
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Raji Y (2017a) Coconut water improves reproductive functions in offspring of high fat diet fed rats. West Indian Med J. https://doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2016.474. 15 pages
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Odoh MI, Oghenetega BO, Raji Y (2017b) Comparative effects of coconut water and N-Acetyl cysteine on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis of male rats. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 39(6):759–764
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Raji Y (2018) Cocos nucifera water improves metabolic functions in offspring of high fat diet fed Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 29(2):185–194. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0005
Kunle-Alabi OT, Akindele OO, Charles KJ, Raji Y (2019) Coconut water prevents renal and hepatic changes in offspring of monosodium glutamate-treated Wistar rat dams. Niger J Physiol Sci 34:011–016
Lakshmanan J, Zhang B, Wright KT, Jaganathan V, Schultz DJ, Klinge CM, Harbrecht BG (2020) Tender coconut water suppresses hepatic inflammation by activating AKT and JNK signaling pathways in an in vitro model of sepsis. J Funct Foods 64:103637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103637. 26 pages
Layton M, Roper D (2017) Chapter 12: Investigation of the hereditary haemolytic anaemias: membrane and enzyme abnormalities. In: Bain BJ, Bates I, Laffan MA (eds) Dacie and Lewis practical haematology, 12th edn, pp 228–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-6696-2.00012-6
Layug ML, Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ (1998) Interim storage of avulsed permanent teeth. J Can Dent Assoc 64(5):357–363, 365–369
Leblanc DR, Schneider M, Angele P, Vollmer G, Docheva D (2017) The effect of estrogen on tendon and ligament metabolism and function. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 172:106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.06.008
Leong LP, Shui G (2002) An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem 76:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00251-5
Lephart ED, Naftolin F (2021) Menopause and the skin: old favorites and new innovations in cosmeceuticals for estrogen-deficient skin. Dermatol Ther 11(1):53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-020-00468-7
Lima EBC, Sousa CNS, Meneses LN, Ximene NC, Santos MA Jr, Vasconcelos GS, Lima NBC, Patrocínio MCA, Macedo D, Vasconcelos SMM (2015) Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Braz J Med Biol Res 48(11):953–964. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20154773
Liu RH (2003) Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 78:517–520. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.517S
Liu J, Jia DY, Cai SZ, Li CP, Zhang MS, Zhang YY, Yan CH, Wang YP (2015) Mitochondria defects are involved in lead-acetate-induced adult hematopoietic stem cell decline. Toxicol Lett 235(1):37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.03.007
Liu T, Li N, Yan YQ, Liu Y, Xiong K, Liu Y, Xia QM, Zhang H, Liu ZD (2020) Recent advances in the anti-aging effects of phytoestrogens on collagen, water content, and oxidative stress. Phytother Res 34(3):435–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6538
Loki AL, Rajamohan T (2003) Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of tender coconut water on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophy 40(5):354–357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22900330
Long LO, Park S (2007) Update on nephrolithiasis manage. Minerva Urol Nefrol 59(3):317–325
Macalalag EV (2011) Buko water of immature coconut is a universal urinary stone solvent. Cocoinfo Int 18(2):12–19
Macalalag EV, Macalalag AL (1987) Young coconut water for renoclysis for urinary stone dissolution. Int Surg 72:247–248
Macalalag EV Jr, Macalalag ML, Macalalag AL, Perez EB, Cruz LV, Valensuela LS, Bustamante MM, Macalalag ME (1997) Buko water of immature coconut is a universal urinary stone solvent. Pacific Coconut Community Conference, Metro Manila, Legend Hotel, Metro Manila August 14–18, pp. 43–66
Mahalanabis D, Choudhuri AB, Bagchi NG, Bhattacharya AK, Simpson TW (1973) Oral fluid therapy of cholera among Bangladesh refugees. Johns Hopkins Med J 132:197–205
Mahayothee B, Koomyart I, Khuwijitjaru P, Siriwongwilaichat P, Nagle M, Müller J (2016) Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and medium chain fatty acids profiles of coconut water and meat at different maturity stages. Intl J Food Prop 19(9):2041–2051. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2015.1099042
Majeed M, Badmaev V (2006) Coconut water and its method of preparation. Eur Patent No. 1341547, Sabinsa Corporation, 2006
Majumdar A, Mangal NS (2013) Hyperprolactinemia. J Hum Reprod Sci 6(3):168–175. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.121400
Mandal SM, Dey S, Mandal M, Sarkar S, Maria-Neto S, Franco OL (2009) Identification and structural insights of three novel antimicrobial peptides isolated from green coconut water. Peptides 30(4):633–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.12.001
Manna K, Khan A, Das D, Kesh SB, Das U, Ghosh S, Dey RS, Saha KD, Chakraborty A, Chattopadhyay S, Dey S, Chattopadhyay D (2014) Protective effect of coconut water concentrates and its active component shikimic acid against hydroperoxide mediated oxidative stress through suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 155(1):132–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.046
Mantena S, Jagadish, Badduri SR, Siripurapu KB, Unnikrishnan MK (2003) In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Cocos nucifera Linn. water. Nahrung 47(2):126–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390023
Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J (2012) The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. SQU Med J 12:5–18
Matsushita H, Minami A, Suzuki T, Subhadhirasakul S, Watanabe K, Wakatsuki A (2017) Long-term supplementation with young coconut juice does not prevent bone loss but rather alleviates body weight gain in ovariectomized rats. Bio Med Reports 6:585–591
Mays EE, Ladner CC (1963) Simultaneous hypoprothrombinemia, indirect hyperbilirubinemia, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Dig Dis 8(6):492–498
McEwen BS, Alves SE (1999) Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr Rev 20:279–307
Medeiros VFLP, Azevedo IM, Carvalho MDF, Egito EST, Medeiros AC (2016) Effects of coconut water and simvastatin in the treatment of sepsis and hemorrhagic shock in rats. Acta Cir Bras 31(12):826–833. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020160120000008
Meneguetti BT, dos Santos ML, Oshiro GN, Nogueira ML, Carvalho CME, Franco OL (2017) Antimicrobial peptides from fruits and their potential use as biotechnological tools—a review and outlook. Front Micro Biol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02136
Miguel TBAR, Porto ECM, de Paiva Pinheiro SK, Miguel EC, Fernandes FAN, Rodrigues S (2021) Protective effect of natural and processed coconut water by non-thermal technologies against oxidative stress in brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Food Bioprocess Technol 14:702–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02600-7
Mishra S, Agrahari K, Shah DK (2017a) Intervention and effect of coconut water on dengue patients. Int J Innov Res Adv Stud 4(1):34–37
Mishra S, Agrahari K, Shah DK (2017b) Prevention and control of dengue by diet therapy. Intl J Mosquito Res 4(1):13–18
Moghadasian MH (2000) Pharmacological properties of plant sterols in vivo and in vitro observations. Life Sci 67(6):605–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00665-2
Mohammed A, Luka CD (2013) Effect of coconut oil, coconut water and palm kernel oil on some biochemical parameters of albino rats. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 6(3):56–59
Mooi C, Koh S, Long K (2015) Simultaneous detection and quantification of zeatin and kinetin in coconut water using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with a simple step solid phase extraction. J Anal Chem 70(7):819–824. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934815070114
Mordi JC, Euzuegbu U, Opajobi AO, Ojieh AE (2015) Hepatoprotective effects of palm oil and coconut water in the serum of Wistar rats exposed to cadmium chloride contaminated diet. Biokemistri 27(2):79–84
Morii Y, Matsushita H, Minami A, Kanazawa H, Suzuki T, Subhadhirasakul S, Watanabe K, Wakatsuki A (2015) Young coconut juice supplementation results in greater bone mass and bone formation indices in ovariectomized rats: A preliminary study. Phytotherapy Res 29(12):1950–1955, doi: 10.1002/ptr.5489
Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, Patrick P, Morley PM, Sauber PM, Vellas B, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ (1997) Longitudinal changes in testosterone, Luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabol Clin Exp 46:410–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90057-3
Moser M, Franklin SS (2007) Hypertension management: results of a new national survey for the hypertension education foundation: Harris interactive. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 9:316–323
Moura CCG, Soares PBF, de Paula Reis MV, Fernandes NAJ, Barbosa DZ, Soares CJ (2014) Potential of coconut water and soy milk for viability of periondontal ligament cells, an in vivo study. Dent Traumatol 30(1):22–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12042
Mujahid I, Mulyanto A, Khasanah TU (2019) The effectiveness of coconut water in inhibiting Shigella sp. bacteria from diarrhea. Medisains 17(1):8–11. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v17i1.3796
Mukai K, Urai T, Asano K, Nakajima Y, Nakatani T (2016) Evaluation of effects of topical estradiol benzoate application on cutaneous wound healing in ovariectomized female mice. PLoS One 11:e0163560. https://doi.org/10.1371/J.pone.0163560
Mulyanti, Dharmana E, Djamiatun K, Wijayahadi N (2016) Effectiveness of tender coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) against parasitemia index and hemoglobin levels in malaria infection. Int J Pharm Sci Res 7(9):3873–3876. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(9).3873-76
Mulyanto A, Mujahid I, Khasanah TU (2018) Kemampuan air kelapa muda sebagai antimikroba terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli penyebab diare (Potentiality of young coconut water as antimicrobial against Escherichia coli bacteria causing diarrhea). Bio-site 4(1):18–24
Murray RT, Molleson TI, Hughes FJ (2014) The prevalence of periodontal disease in a Romano-British population c. 200–400 AD. Br Dent J 217(8):459–466
Nagula RL, Wairkar S (2019) Recent advances in topical delivery of flavonoids: a review. J Control Release 296:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.029
Nair SVG, Rajamohan T (2014) The role of coconut water on nicotine-induced reproductive dysfunction in experimental male rat model. Food Nutr Sci 5(12):1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.512122
Najam R, Tamar A, Rao SS (2013) Hyperexcitation from fluoxetine use in rodents. Int Res J Pharm 4(4):100–103
Nasimuddin S, Rajan PD, Sumathi G (2016) A study of in vitro antimicrobial activity of coconut water and coconut oil on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. World J Pharm Res 5(8):696–700. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20168-6695
Naskar S, Mazumder UK, Pramanik G, Bala A, Haldar PK, Islam A, Gupta M (2011) Comparative in vitro antioxidant activity of different parts of Cocos nucifera on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 3(3):104–107
Nasution Z, Jirapakkul W, Tongkhao K, Chanput W (2020) The effect of coconut water on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 66(Supplement):343–S348. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.S343
Nayak A, Nayak RN, Bhat K (2010) Antifungal activity of a toothpaste containing Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicans-An in vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2(2):51–57
Nazir MA (2017) Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci 11(2):72–80
Ndubuka GI, Okafor WC, Jervas E, Chidi IS, Udoka OC, Williams OI (2015) Protective effect of immature coconut water on hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in Wister rats. Int J Sci Res 4(12):1427–1431
Neto MJJ, Gondim JO, Raddi MS, Pansani CA (2009) Viability of human fibroblasts in coconut water as a storage medium. Int Endod J 42(9):827–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01591.x
Nneli RO, Woyike OA (2008) Antiulcerogenic effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera) extract in rats. Phytother Res 22(7):970–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2318
Nova FS, Chasani S, Hussanna A, Zulaikhah ST (2020) Tender coconut water inhibits the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, and increase plasma insulin in pregnant diabetic rats. Pharm J 12(1):162–167. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.24
Nunes JF, Salgueiro CCM (2011) Strategies to improve the reproductive efficiency of goats in Brazil. Small Ruminant Res 98(1–3):176–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.036
Nurasid H, Ontoseno T, Purwodibroto S (1979) The use of young coconut water in paediatric cholera. Paediatr Indones 19(9/10):219–225. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi19.9-10.1979.219-25
Nurulain TZ (2006) Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci 78(18):2073–2080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.006
Nwangwa EK, Aloamaka CP (2011) Regenerative effects of coconut water and coconut milk on the pancreatic B-cells and cyto architecture in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Am J Trop Med Public Health 1(3):137–146
Nwangwa EK (2012) The reno-protective effects of coconut water on the kidneys of diabetic Wistar rats. J Health Sci 2(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.health.20120201.01
Nwangwa EK, Aloamaka CP, Igweh JC (2012) Attenuating effects of Cocos nucifera water on alcohol-induced liver enzyme derangement and hepatopathological changes. Int J Modern Biol Med 1:132–144
Nwaogu LA (2016) Chemical profile of Picralima nitida seeds used in ethnomedicine used in West Africa. Futo J Series 2(2):110–122
Nwaoguikpe RN, Braide W (2012) The antisickling effects of some micronutrient and antioxidant vitamins in sickle cell disease management. J Med Sci 3:334–340
Nwodo OFC, Joshu A, Elijah NP, Ozoemena N (2010) Effect of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water on some serum liver enzyme markers and kidney parameters in paracetamol-induced rats. J Pharm Res 3(2):301–306
Nwonu PC, Reginald O, Obidike RO, Nwonu CNS (2017) Interaction between chloroquine sulphate and coconut fruit water in adult male rabbits. Int J Adv Res 5(5):1972–1976. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4336
Offor CE, Adetarami O, Nwali BU, Igwenyi IO, Afiukwa CA (2014) Effect of Cocos nucifera water on liver enzymes. Middle East J Sci Res 21(5):844–847. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.21.05.8496
Ogunrinola OO, Fajana OO, Williams BO, Ogedengbe E, Onifade AA, Ekeocha FC, Shasore KO (2016) The therapeutic potential of Cocos nucifera eater on cadmium-induced lipid toxicity in male Rrt. Int J Sci Res Environ Sci Toxicol 1(1). https://doi.org/10.15226/2572-3162/1/1/00101. 6 pages
Okafor CW, Ekezie J, Ndubuka GI, Ndubuisi T (2016b) Immature coconut water: a renal protective agent in Wistar rats. Int J Anat Appl Physiol 2(2):26–31. https://doi.org/10.19070/2572-7451-160004
Okafor WC, Ndubuka GI, Jervas E, Chidi IS, Udoka OC, Ikechukwu O, William (2016a) Effects of immature coconut water on the hepato cytoarchitecture against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in Wistar rats. IOSR J Dent Med Sci 15(07):60–65. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-150716065
Okere OS, Adejo GO, Okoli BJ (2011) Hepatoprotective properties of crude water and oil extracts of coconut (Cocos nucifera) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Tunis J Med Plants Nat Prod 5:70–76
Okutan H, Ozcelikb N, Yilmazb HR, Uzb E (2005) Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rat heart. Clin Biochem 38(2):191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.10.003
Ololade ZS, Kuyooro SE, Ogunmola OO, Oyelese OJ (2017) Physicochemical, volatile organic composition, phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant, anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties of Cocos nucifera juice. Global J Med Res B Pharm Drug Discov Toxicol Med 17(2):43–49
Olsen A, Siboska GE, Clark BFC, Rattan SIS (1999) N6- Furfuryladenine, kinetin, protects against fenton reaction-mediated oxidative damage to DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265(2):499–502. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1669
Parachin NS, Mulder KC, Viana AA, Dias SC, Franco OL (2012) Expression systems for heterologous production of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 38(2):446–456
Park SH, Min TS (2006) Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates changes in IGFs secretion and gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 78(15):1741–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.011
Parlapally RP, Kumari KR, Jyothi SA (2016) Serum magnesium levels in type 2 diabetes. Int J Sci Study 4:176–179. https://doi.org/10.17354/ijss/2016/455
Patel R, Asplin J, Granja I, Jiang P, Osann K, Landman J, Clayman R (2018a) Can coconut water consumption potentially prevent kidney stones? J Urol 199(4):384–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.965
Patel RM, Jiang P, Asplin J, Granja I, Capretz T, Osann K, Okhunov Z, Landman J, Clayman RV (2018b) Coconut water: an unexpected source of urinary citrate. Bio Med Res Intl. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3061742. 5 pages
Pathirana W, Karunaratne N (2018) Consolidating tender coconuts as a source of safe natural large volume parenteral fluid under regulatory oversight. Pharm J Sri Lanka 8(1):38–48. https://doi.org/10.4038/pjsl.v8i1.31
Patra R, Swarup D (2018) Effect of lead on erythrocytic antioxidant defence, lipid peroxide level and thiol groups in calves. Res Vet Sci 68:71–74. https://doi.org/10.1053/rvsc.1999.0340
Pattigadapa HS, Ramesh M, Praneeth SCH, Bhaskar RU, Lakshman G, Ankaiah M, Balu NJ (2011) Cardiotonic activity of coconut water. Recent Res Sci Tech 3(4):155–157
Pauline N, Cabral BNP, Anatole PC, Jocelyne AMV, Bruno M, Jeanne NY (2013) The in vitro antisickling and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts Zanthoxyllum heitzii on sickle cell disorder. BMC Complement Altern Med 13:162. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-162. 7 pages
Pawloski JR, Hess DT, Stamler JS (2005) Impaired vasodilation by red blood cells in sickle cell disease. PNAS 102(7):2531–2536. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409876102
Payanglee K, Chonpathompikunlert P, Panityakul T, Radenahmad N (2017) Beneficial effects of young coconut juice on preserving neuronal cell density, lipid, renal and liver profiles in ovariectomized rats. A preliminary study. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 39(2):237–243. https://doi.org/10.14456/sjst-psu.2017.27
Percival M (1999) Understanding the natural manage of pain and inflammation. Clin Nutr Insights 4:1–5
Petroianu GA, Kosanovic M, Shehatta IS, Mahgoub B, Saleh A, Maleck WH (2004) Green coconut water for intravenous use: trace and minor element content. J Trace Elem Exp Med 17(4):273–282. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtra.20010
Pinto IFD, Silva RP, Filho ABC, Dantas LS, Bispo VS, Matos IA, Otsuka FAM, Santos AC, Matos HR (2015) Study of antiglycation, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities of the Green Dwarf variety coconut water ( Cocos nucifera L.) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 18(7):802–809. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0046
Pires BB, Azevedo IM, Moreira MDFC, Celani LMS, Medeiros AC (2017) Efeito da Lavagem peritoneal com agua de coco na cicatrização de anastomoses do cólon em modelo de sepse abdominal em ratos (Effect of peritoneal lavage with coconut water in healing of colon anastomosis in rat abdominal sepsis model). J Surg Cl Res 8(1):26–41
Pisoschi AM, Negulescu G (2011) Methods for total antioxidant activity determination: a review. Biochem Anal Biochem 1:106. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000106
Porter ML, Dennis BL (2002) Hyperbilirubinemia in the Term Newborn. Am Acad of Family Physician 65(4): 599–606
Prabhu S (2014) Effects of novel compounds in an in vitro chemosensitivity system for glioma treatment. Doctoral Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, UK, p. 206
Prabhu S, Dennison SR, Mura M, Lea RW, Snape TJ, Harris F (2014) Cn-AMP2 from green coconut water is an anionic anticancer peptide. J Pept Sci 20(12):909–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/psc.2684
Pradera ES, Fernandez E, Calderin O (1942) Coconut water: a clinical and experimental study. Am J Dis Children 64(6):977–995. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1942.02010120017002
Prades A, Dornier M, Diop N, Pai JP (2012) Coconut water preservation and processing: a review. Fruits 67(2):157–171. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2012009
Pragya T (2010) Coconut water during pregnancy. J Sci Food Agric 2244:875–888
Prakash L (2008) Natural ingredients for nurture skin health from the inside and out. Nutra Cos 7:6–9
Prathapan A, Rajamohan T (2011) Antioxidant and antithrombotic activity of tender coconut water in experimental myocardial infarction. J Food Biochem 35(5):1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00471.x
Preetha PP, Devi VG, Rajamohan T (2015) Mature coconut water exhibits antidiabetic and antithrombotic potential via L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 26(6):575–583. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0126
Preetha PP, Devi VG, Rajamohan T (2012) Hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential of coconut water in experimental diabetes. Food Funct 3(7):753–757. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo30066d
Preetha PP, Devi VG, Rajamohan T (2013a) Comparative effects of mature coconut water (Cocos nucifera) and glibenclamide on some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Rev Bras 23(3):481–487. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000027
Preetha PP, Devi VG, Rajamohan T (2013b) Antihyperlipidemic effects of mature coconut water and its role in regulating lipid metabolism in alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. Comp Clin Pathol 23:1331–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1784-7
Preetha PP, Devi VG, Rajamohan T (2013c) Effects of coconut water on carbohydrate metabolism and pancreatic pathology of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Eur J Integr Med 5(3):234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.12.005
Priya SR, Ramaswamy L (2014) Tender coconut water – natures elixir to mankind. Int J Recent Sci Res 5(8):1485–1490
Pummer S, Heil P, Maleck W, Petroianu G (2001) Influence of coconut water on hemostasis. Am J Emerg Med 19(4):287–289. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajem.2001.24477
Punghmatharith B (1988) Determination of sex hormone-like substances in young coconut juice and their effects on uterine growth in rats. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 10:221–226
Radenahmad N, Vongvatcharanon U, Withyachumnarnkul B, Connor JR (2006) Serum levels of 17β-estradiol in ovariectomized rats fed young-coconut juice and its effect on wound healing. Songklanagarind J Sci Technol 28(5):897–910
Radenahmad N, Saleh F, Sawangjaroen K, Rundorn W, Withyachumnarnkul B, Connor JR (2009) Young coconut juice significantly reduces histopathological changes in the brain that is induced by hormonal imbalance: a possible implication to postmenopausal women. Histol Histopathol 24(6):667–674. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-24.667
Radenahmad N, Saleh F, Sawangjaroen K, Vongvatcharanon U, Subhadhirasakul P, Rundorn W, Withyachumnarnkul B, Connor JR (2011) Young coconut juice, a potential therapeutic agent that could significantly reduce some pathologies associated with Alzheimer’s disease: novel findings. Br J Nutr 105(5):738–746. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510004241
Radenahmad N, Saleh F, Sayoh I, Sawangjaroen K, Subhadhirasakul P, Boonyoung P, Rundorn W, Mitranun W (2012) Young coconut juice can accelerate the healing process of cutaneous wounds. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:252. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-252. 10 pages
Radenahmad N, Boonyoung P, Kamkaew K, Chanchula K, Kirirat P (2014) Effects of young coconut juice on the numbers of argyrophil endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of male rats: novel preliminary findings. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 36(6):599–606
Radenahmad N, Suwansaard S, Sayoh I (2015) Young coconut juice accelerates cutaneous wound healing by downregulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in ovariectomized rats: preliminary novel findings. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 37(4):417–423
Radenahmad N, Sawangjaroen K, Mitranun W, Sayoh I (2016) Beneficial effects of young coconut juice feeding on lipid and renal metabolism in ovariectomized rats: novel preliminary finding. Songklanagarin J Sci Technol 38(1):57–65
Radenahmad N, Sereemaspun A, Bueraheng N, Hutapea AM (2022) Beneficial effects of young coconut juice on increasing skin thickness, enhancing skin whitening, and reducing skin wrinkles in ovariectomized rats. Appl Sci 12:1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031584. 20 pages
Rahamat SF, Manan WNHWA, Jalaludin AA, Abllah Z (2019) Enamel subsurface remineralization potential of virgin coconut oil, coconut milk and coconut water. Mater Today Proc 16(4):2238–2244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.116
Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M (2005) A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother 59:365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.002
Raisz LG (2005) Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. J Clin Invest 115(12):3318–3325. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI27071
Rajan PD, Samathi G, Nasimuddin S (2016) A study on in-vitro antimicrobial activity of coconut water and coconut oil on Candida sp. World J Pharm Sci 4(12):266–268
Rajasuriya K, Hamza MHM, Selvaratnam S (1954) The use of young coconut water for intravenous therapy. Ceylon Med J 2:251–261
Ranti IS, Boh KT, Liang TI, Hoey TE (1965) Coconut water for intravenous fluid therapy. Paediatr Indones 5(3):782–792
Rao PS, Rao SR, Kumar SV, Murthy KJ, Dussey P (1972) Intravenous administration of coconut water. J Assoc Physicians India 20(3):235–239
Rao SS, Ikram R (2019) Cocos nucifera (coconut) water of different maturity stages affect hematological and coagulation parameters in rabbits: a positive lead. Pak J Pharm Sci 32(4):1631–1634
Rao SS, Najam R (2016a) Coconut water of different maturity stages ameliorates inflammatory processes in model of inflammation. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 5(3):244–249. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160402120142
Rao SS, Najam R (2016b) Young coconut water ameliorates depression via modulation of neurotransmitters: possible mechanism of action. Metab Brain Dis 31(5):1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-016-9866-2
Rattan SI, Sodagam L (2005) Gerontomodulatory and youth-preserving effects of zeatin on human skin fibroblasts undergoing aging in vitro. Rejuvenation Res 8(1):46–57. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2005.8.46
Rattanaburee P, Amnuaikit T, Radenahmad N, Puripattanavong J (2014) Phytochemical study and its quantity and quality of fresh and freeze-dried young coconut juice (Cocos nucifera L.). Adv Mater Res 884-885(1):490–493. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.490
Reddy P, Kumar KMR, Lakshmi MT, Kiran SR (2018) Tender coconut water uses, health benefits, good nutritive value and antioxidant capacity. Indian J Public Health Res Dev 9(4):184. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00280.2
Rees R, Barnett J, Marks D, George M (2012) Coconut water-induced hyperkalaemia. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 73(9):534. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2012.73.9.534
Rehan HS, Matapurkar BG (1999) Tender coconut water: an ideal fluid for parenteral substitute. J Inst Med 21(1&2):1–8
Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, Mariotti SP (2004) Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 82(11):844–851
Rianto S (2010) Analysis of the factors associated with mercury poisoning in the traditional gold miners at Jendi village, Selogiri sub district, Wonogiri district. Thesis. Master of Environal Health. Diponegoro University. Semarang, 98p
Rianto S, Setiani O, Budiyono (2012) Analisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan keracunan merkuri pada penambang emas tradisional di desa Jendi Kecamatan Selogiri Kabupaten Wonogiri (Analysis of factors associated with mercury poisoning of the traditional gold miner at Jendi Village, Selogiri Subdistrict, Wonogiri District). J Kesehat Lingkung Indones 11(1):54–60
Risher JF, Amler SN (2005) Mercury exposure: evaluation and intervention, the inappropriate use of chelating agents in diagnosis and treatment of putative mercury poisoning. Neurotoxicol 26(4):691–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.05.004
Roche PS, Kobos R (2004) Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician 69(2):299–304
Rodsamran P, Sothornvit R (2018) Bioactive coconut protein concentrate films incorporated with antioxidant extract of mature coconut water. Food Hydrocoll 79:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.037
Rooney JPK (2007) The role of thiol, dithiol, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury. Toxicology 234(3):145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.02.016
Rujiralai T, Sitaruno N (2009) Analysis of phytosterols of young coconut juice by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. 35th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, Chonburi, 15–17 October 2009, C1_C0050, p. 121
Safarinejad MR, Shafiel N, Safarinejad S (2011) Relationship between genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T, A1298C, G1793A) as risk factors for idiopathic male infertility. Reprod Sci 18(3):304–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719110385135
Salah AM, Gathumbi J, Vierling W, Wagner H (2002) Estrogenic and cholinergic properties of the methanol extract of Ruellia praetermissa Sceinf. ex. Lindau (Acanthaceae) in female rats. Phytomed 9(1):52–55. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00079
Salil G, Rajamohan T (2001) Hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of coconut protein in hypercholesterolemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 39:1028–1034
Salomon JA, Wang H, Freeman MK, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Lopez AD, Murray CJ (2012) Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden disease study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2144–2162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61690-0
Sandhya VG, Rajamohan T (2006) Beneficial effects of coconut water feeding on lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. J Med Food 9(3):400–407. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.400
Sandhya VG, Rajamohan T (2008) Comparative evaluation of the hypolipidemic effects of coconut water and lovastatin in rats fed fat cholesterol enriched diet. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3586–3592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.030
Sanghavi T, Shah N, Parekh V, Singbal K (2013) Evaluation and comparison of efficacy of three different storage media, coconut water, propolis, and oral rehydration solution, in maintaining the viability of periodontal ligament cells. J Conserv Dent 16(1):71–74. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.105303
Santarelli L, Bracci M, Mocchegiani E (2006) In vitro and in vivo effects of mercuric chloride on thymic endocrine activity, NK and NKT cell cytotoxicity, cytokine profiles (IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-6): role of the nitric oxide-L-arginine pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 6(3):376–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.08.028
Santos JL, Bispo VS, Filho AB, Pinto IFD, Dantas LS, Vasconcelos DF, Abreu F, Melo DA, Matos IA, Freitas FP, Gomes OF, Medeiros MHG, Matos HR (2013) Evaluation of chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) and caffeic acid in cell culture. An Acad Bras Cienc 85(4):1235–1247. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652013105312
Satapathy S, Bandyopadhyay D (2014) Hypoglycemic potential of tender coconut water in euglycemic human subjects. Int J Health Sci Res 5(1):283–287
Satarug S, Moore MR (2004) Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low–level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environ Health Perspect 112(10):1099–1103. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6751
Sayoh I, Radenahmad N, Sawangjaroen K, Subhadhirasakul P, Boonyang P, Rundurm W, Mitranun W (2008) Histopathological assessment of young coconut juice on cutaneous wound healing of ovariectomized rats. Proceeding of the 31th Annual Conference of the Anatomy Association of Thailand, Pethburi, Thailand, April 30–May 2, 2008, pp. 62–66
Scalbert A, Johnson IT, Saltmarsh M (2005) Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1):215–217
Scales CD, Smith AS, Hanley JM, Saigal CS (2012) Prevalence of kidney stones in U.S. Eur Assoc Urol 62(1):160–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052
Schulz E, Gori T, Munzel T (2011) Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. Hypertens Res 34:665–673
Segarra AC, Strand FL (1989) Perinatal administration of nicotine alters subsequent sexual behavior and testosterone levels of male rats. Brain Res 480(1–2):151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)91577-1
Sekar N, Veetil SK, Neerathilingam M (2013) Tender coconut water an economical growth medium for the production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 2(13):70. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/13/70. 9 pages
Sepaniak S, Forges T, Gerard H, Foliguet B, Bene MC, Monnier-Barbarino P (2006) The influence of cigarette smoking on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation. Toxicology 223:54–60
Sese-Owei E, Enagbonma BJ, Ekiyor C (2019) Haematological parameters of albino rats exposed to lead metal: alleviating effect of Cocos nucifera L. water and Pisum sativum extract. NISEB J 19(2):92–100
Sharma GN, Gupta G, Sharma PA (2018) Comprehensive review of free radicals, antioxidants, and their relationship with human ailments. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 28(2):139–154. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2018022258
Shaw JE, Sucre RA, Zimmet PZ (2010) Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 87(1):4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007
Shenkin A (2006) The key role of micronutrients. Clin Nutr 25(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.006
Shuaibu OF, Igwilo VO, Ajayi OI (2017) Effect of coconut water on osmotic fragility of sickle red cells. 11th Intl Conference on Hematology and Hematological Oncology, November 08–09, 2017 | Las Vegas, USA. J Blood Disord Transfus 8(Suppl):5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9864-C1-029
Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Sacchetti G, Gonelli A, Neri LM (2018) Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adult hood and aging. Oncotarget 9(24):17181–17198. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729
Sinclair S (2000) Male infertility: nutritional and environmental considerations. Altern Med Rev 5(1):28–38
Singh YN (1986) Traditional medicine in Fiji: some herbal folk cures used by Fiji Indians. J Ethnopharmacol 15:57–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90104-2
Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Racchi M, Trabucchi M, Zanetti O, Govoni S (1999) Menopause and estrogen deficiency as a risk factor in dementing illness: hypothesis on the biological basis. Maturitas 31(2):95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00111-x
Soronen P, Laiti M, Torn S, Harkonen P, Patrikainen L, Li Y, Vihko P (2004) Sex steroid hormone metabolism and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92(4):281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.004
Souza BDM, Lückemeyer D, Reyes-Carmona J, Felippe W, Simões C, Felippe M (2011) Viability of Hum periodontal ligament fibroblasts in milk, Hank’s balanced salt solution and coconut water as storage media. Int Endod J 44(2):111–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01809.x
Souza BDM, Garcia LFR, Bortoluzzi EA, Felippe WT, Felippe MCS (2020) Effects of several storage media on viability and proliferation capacity of periodontal ligament cells. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21(1):53–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-019-00450-8
Spencer DA (2007) Urinary stones: principles of ambulatory medicine, 7th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 754–766
Srivastava S, Desai P, Coutinho E, Govil G (2000) Protective effect of L-arginine against lipid peroxidation in goat epididymal spermatozoa. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 32:127–135
Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, Nyberg LM, Curhan GC (2003) Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976-1994. Kidney Int 63:1817–1823. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x
Stankovic T, Ranđelovic T, Dragoj M, Buric SS, Fernandez L, Ochoa I, Garcíae VMP, Pesic M (2021) In vitro biomimetic models for glioblastoma-a promising tool for drug response Stud. Drug Resist Updat 55:100753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2021.100753. 24 pages
Stitt AW, Curtis TM, Chen M, Medina RJ, McKay GJ, Gardiner TA, Lyons TJ, Hammes HP, Simó R, Lois N (2016) The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 51:156–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001
Sudjaroen Y (2009) Plant-derived phenolic antioxidants and cancer prevention. Thai Cancer J 29(9):126–134
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siege RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.2166
Sunmonu TO, Oloyede OB, Owolarafe TA, Yakubu MT, Dosumu OO (2014) Toxicopathological evaluation of Picralima nitida seed aqueous extract in Wistar rats. Turkish J Biochem 39(2):119–125
Suwanpal P, Radenahmad N, Yusuh M, Eksomtramate M, Ruangsri P, Chantanasuksilpa A (2011) Effects of young coconut juice on increasing mandibular cancellous bone in orchidectomized rats: novel preliminary findings. Songkhlanakarin J Sci Tech 33:617–623
Syafriani R, Sukandar EY, Apriantono T, Sigit JS (2014) The effect of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) and an isotonic drink on the change of heart rate frequency in the rats induced hypertension. Procedia Chem 13:177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2014.12.023
Tan TC, Cheng LH, Bhat R, Rusul G, Easa AM (2014) Composition, physicochemical properties and thermal inactivation kinetic of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase from coconut water obtained from immature, mature and overly-mature coconut. Food Chem 142:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.040
Tangpong J, Nasrisuk T, Suangyaya W, Jantamattukan W (2008) Phytoestrogen of young coconut juice reduced hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation in over weight rats. Oxidants and antioxidants in Biol. Oxygen Club of California. Book of Abstracts. 12–15 March 2008. Santa Barbara, CA
Thomas SZ, Pertiwi D, Bagus SA, Nuri S, Jelita BEM, Alfiza NS (2017) Effect of tender coconut water on blood lipid levels in hight fat diet fed male rats. J Krishna Inst Med Sci Univ 6(2):63–68
Thomas T, Gopikrishna V, Kandaswamy D (2008) Comparative evaluation of maintenance of cell viability of an experimental transport media “coconut water” with Hank’s balanced salt solution and milk, for transportation of an avulsed tooth: an in vitro cell culture study. J Conserv Dent 11(1):22–29. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.43414
Thornton MJ (2013) Estrogens and aging skin. Derm Endocrinol 5(2):264–270. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.23872
Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE (2001) Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 285:2891–2897. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.22.2891
Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A (2012) Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65:87–108
Tripathi P, Misra MK (2009) Therapeutic role of L-arginine on free radical scavenging system in ischemic heart diseases. Indian J Biochem Biophy 46:498–502
Tripathi P, Chandra M, Misra MK (2009) Oral administration of L-Arginine in patients with angina or following myocardinal infarction may be protective by increasing plasma superoxide dismutase and total thiol with reduction in serum cholestero and xanthine oxidase. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2(4):231–237
Trope M (1995) Clinical management of the avulsed tooth. Dent Clin N Am 39:93–112
Tyagi T, Agarwal M (2017) Antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of Eichhornia crassipes. Res J Phytochem 11:85–89. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2017.85.89
Uddin S, Ali I, Hassan M, Hamayun L, Ali U, Saud S, Khan I, Ahmad W, Shah AB, Zeb A, Khan AA (2019) Therapeutic applications of coconut water mitigates diabetes mellitus in Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit). Biomed J Sci Tech Res 16(4). https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.16.002884. 8 pages
Ugwu CE, Ezeanyika LUS, Daikwo MA, Amana R (2009) Lipid profile of a population of diabetic patients attending Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Clinic, Abuja. Afr J Biochem Res 3:066–069
Umesawa M, Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Toyoshima H, Watanabe Y, Kikuchi S, Koizumi A, Kondo T, Inaba Y, Tanabe N, Tamakoshi A, JACC Study Group (2008) Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risks. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.1.195
Unagul P, Assantachai C, Phadungruengluij S, Suphantharika M, Tanticharoen M, Verduyn C (2007) Coconut water as a medium additive for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3) by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02. Bioresour Technol 98(2):281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.01.013
Veerasamy S, Kapur A, Balaji V, Divakar H (2015) A perspective on testing for gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 19(4):529–532. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.159064
Verbeke P, Siboska GE, Clark BFC, Rattan SIS (2006) Kinetin inhibits protein oxidation and glycoxidation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276:1265–1270
Verdier-Sevrain S (2007) Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric 10(4):289–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697130701467157
Vishakh RS, Moodithaya S, Kumari (2014) Evaluation of antioxidant property of West Coast Tall variety tender coconut water and synthetic Trans–Zeatin–an in-vitro study. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 3(3):155–159
Wang D, DuBois RN (2015) Immunosuppression associated with chronic inflammation in the tumor micro environment. Carciongenesis 36(10):1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgv123
Wang HX, Ng TB (2005) An antifungal peptide from the coconut. Peptides 26(12):2392–2396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2005.05.009
Wang SY, Andrews CA, Herman WH, Gardner TW, Stein JD (2017) Incidence and risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy among youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes throughout the United States. Ophthalmol 124(4):424–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.10.031
Wanna C, Sudhadham M (2018) The effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Pharm J 10(5):925–931. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.156
Wells G, Tugwell P, Shea B, Guyatt G, Peterson J, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Henry D, O’Connell D, Cranney A (2002) Osteoporosis methodology group and the osteoporosis research advisory group: meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev 23(4):529–539. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2001-5002
White CR, Parks DA, Patel RP, Shelton J, Tarpey MM, Freeman BA, Usmar VMD (2004) L-Arginine inhibits xanthine oxidase-dependent endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia. FEBS Lett 561(1–3):94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00137-1
WHO (2009a) Guideline: potassium intake for adults and children. Geneva, World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/Nutri/publications/guidelines/potassium_intake/en/. p 42
WHO (2009b) Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. New Edition, Geneva, World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44188. p. 147
WHO (2012) Global data on visual impairments. https://www.who.int/blindness/globaldatafinalforweb.pdf, p. 14
Wijewardena HDARR, Amarakoon R (2020) Antibacterial activity of fermented coconut water produced by lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 20079 and Lactobacillus plantarum. Intl J Sci Res Innov Tech 7(1):54–62
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2013) Global prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:1047–1053. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
Winarsi H (2007) Antioksidan alami dan radikal bebas (Natural antioxidants and free radicals), 3rd edn. Kanisius, Yogyakarta, pp 11–19
Wu Y, Hu B (2009) Simultaneous determination of several phytohormones in natural coconut juice by hollow fiber-based liquid- liquid-liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1216(45):7657–7663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.008
Yamamoto Y, Isoyama E, Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I (1998) Effects of smoking on testicular function and fertilizing potential in rats. Urol Res 26:45–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002400050022
Yong JWH, Ge L, Ng YF, Tan SN (2009) The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water. Molecules 14(12):5144–5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144
Yusuh M, Phochanukoon N, Radenahmad N, Eksomtramate M, Ruangsri P, Chantanasuksilpa A, Reungchaumratkul A (2010) Changes of condyle cartilage in orchidectomized rats fed with young coconut juice: novel preliminary findings. Songkla-nakarin J Sci Tech 32(4):333–339
Zakaria ZA, Reezal I, Jais AMM, Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Marmin AHI, Sidek H, Husin SH, Rahim MHA, Rahman LA (2006) The anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and wound healing activities of Cocos nucifera L. (MATAG types) fresh juice and kernel extract in Exp animals. J Pharmacol Toxicol 1(6):516–526. https://doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2006.516.526
Zaveri NT (2006) Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci 78(18):2073–2080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.006
Zhang X, Peng L, Dai Y, Xia Q, Wu P, Chen M, Liu C (2021) Anti-cataract effects of coconut water in vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 143:112032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112032. 8 pages
Zhang X, Peng L, Dai Y, Sheng X, Chen S, Xie Q (2020) Effects of coconut water on retina in diabetic rats. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 1:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9450634
Ziff S (1984) Super dental fillings: the toxic time bomb: can the mercury in your dental fillings poison you? Aurora Press, USA, p 224
Zulaikhah ST, Anies, Suwondo A, Santosa (2015) Effect of tender coconut water on antioxidant enzymatic superoxida dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lipid peroxidation in mercury exposure workers. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 4(12):517–524
Zulaikhah ST, Sampurna S (2016) Tender coconut water to prevent oxidative stress due to mercury exposure. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Tech 10(6):35–38. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1006023538
Zulaikhah ST, Wahyuwibowo J, Rakha AD, Rizky DP, Fauzi AN (2019) Effect of tender coconut water to prevent anemia on Wistar rats induced by lead (Plumbum). Pharm J 11(6):1325–1330. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.204
Zulaikhah ST, Wahyuwibowo J, Suharto MN, Enggartiasto BH, Ortanto MIR, Pratama AA (2021) Effect of tender coconut water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Pharm J 13(2):500–505. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.63
Zulaikhah ST, Wibowo WJ (2020) Pengaruh pemberian air kelapa muda terhadap kadar ureum pada tikus galur wistar yang terpapar Plumbum (Pb). Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes 11(2):198–201. https://doi.org/10.33846/sf11221
Web Links
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rethinam, P., Krishnakumar, V. (2022). Health Benefits of Coconut Water. In: Coconut Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10713-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10713-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-10712-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-10713-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)