Skip to main content

The Dark Side of Technology Use: The Relationship Between Technostress Creators, Employee Work-Life Balance, and Job Burnout While Working Remotely During the COVID-19 Lockdown

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Intelligent Techniques for Efficient Use of Valuable Resources

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 227))

Abstract

Rapid progress of digital technologies and their increasing spreading into the work domain have been the subject of turbulent discussions for the last decade. The adaptation and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) led to redefinition of organisational structures and the way employees work, making it possible to connect anytime, anywhere and deliver data in real time. Recently, the use of ICTs for working purposes has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 has been changing working habits around the world with employers encouraging or even insisting that employees work remotely. As such, work is mainly based on ICT use while experiencing some technology-related job demands, which are generally named techno-stressors or technostress creators. Previous research provides some evidence that the ubiquity of technologies can add to employees experiencing technostress because of the increased workload, excessive technology dependence, demands for enhanced productivity, and a constant need to adapt to emerging ICT applications, functionalities, and workflows. There is still a gap in the literature about the impact of technology use on employee well-being while working remotely during the COVID-19 lockdown. This chapter aims at revealing the relationship between the construct of technostress creators, including its five dimensions, and employee well-being in terms of work-life balance and job burnout. In doing this, quantitative data were collected in Lithuania. The results support the idea that technostress creators have a negative effect on employee well-being. Moreover, the findings suggest that techno-overload and techno-invasion reduce work-life balance and lead to job burnout. The chapter has strong practical implications seeing that the results are in line with the idea that organisations should create and implement policies and practices for reducing the impact of technostress creators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adisa, T.A., Abdulraheem, I., Isiaka, S.B.: Patriarchal hegemony: investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance. Gend. Manag. Int. J. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2016-0222

  2. Ahmad, U.N.U., Amin, S.M., Ismail, W.K.W.: The relationship between technostress creators and organisational commitment among academic librarians. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 40, 182–186 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.179

  3. Ahuja, M.K., Chudoba, K.M., Kacmar, C.J., McKnight, D.H., George, J.F.: IT road warriors: balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions. Mis Q. 1–17 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., Purvis, R.: Technostress: technological antecedents and implications. MIS Q. 831–858 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W.: Dual processes at work in a call centre: an application of the job demands–resources model. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psy. 12(4), 393–417 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320344000165

  6. Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E.: The job demands‐resources model: state of the art. J. Manag. Psychol. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

  7. Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E.: Job demands–resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 22(3), 273 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

  8. Barbuto, A., Gilliland, A., Peebles, R., Rossi, N., Shrout, T.: Telecommuting: Smarter Workplaces (2020). http://hdl.handle.net/1811/91648. Accessed 12 Sept 2021

  9. Bawden, D., Robinson, L.: The dark side of information: overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. J. Inf. Sci. 35(2), 180–191 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515080957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bencsik, A., Horváth-Csikós, G., Juhász, T.: Y and Z generations at workplaces. J. Compet. 8(3) (2016). https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2016.03.06

  11. Benson, J., Brown, M.: Generations at work: are there differences and do they matter? Int. J. Human Resour. Manag. 22(9), 1843–1865 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.573966

  12. Borgmann, A.: Technology as a cultural force: for Alena and Griffin. Can. J. Sociol. 31(3), 351–360 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brillhart, P.E.: Technostress in the workplace: managing stress in the electronic workplace. J. Am. Acad. Bus. 5(1/2), 302–307 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brislin, R.W.: Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 1, 185–216 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Brod, C.: Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brough, P., Timms, C., Bauld, R.: Measuring work-life balance: validation of a new measure across five Anglo and Asian samples. In: Proceedings of the 8th Australian Psychological Society Industrial & Organizational Conference (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262

  17. Cao, H., Lee, C.J., Iqbal, S., Czerwinski, M., Wong, P.N., Rintel, S., Yang, L.: Large scale analysis of multitasking behavior during remote meetings. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445243

  18. Chandra, S., Shirish, A., Srivastava, S.C.: Does technostress inhibit employee innovation? Examining the linear and curvilinear influence of technostress creators. Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 44(1), 19 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Clark, S.C.: Work/family border theory: a new theory of work/family balance. Human Relat. 53(6), 747–770 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. De Witte, H.: Job insecurity: review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA J. Ind. Psychol. 31, 1–6 (2005). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v31i4.200

  21. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., Schaufeli, W.B.: The job demands-resources model of burnout. J. Appl. Psychol. 86(3), 499 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Derks, D., Bakker, A.B.: Smartphone use, work–home interference, and burnout: a diary study on the role of recovery. Appl. Psychol. 63(3), 411–440 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., Bakker, A.B.: Smartphone use and work–home interference: the moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 88(1), 155–177 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12083

  24. Dragano, N., Lunau, T.: Technostress at work and mental health: concepts and research results. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 33(4), 407–413 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., Alkassim, R.S.: Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 5(1), 1–4 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Eurofound: International Labour Organization. Working Anytime, Anywhere: The Effects on the World of Work. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Felstead, A., Henseke, G.: Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. N. Technol. Work. Employ. 32(3), 195–212 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ghislieri, C., Molino, M., Cortese, C.G.: Work and organizational psychology looks at the fourth industrial revolution: how to support workers and organizations? Front. Psychol. 9, 2365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Greenhaus, J.H., Collins, K.M., Shaw, J.D.: The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. J. Vocat. Behav. 63(3), 510–531 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Guest, D.E.: Human resource management and employee well-being: towards a new analytic framework. Hum. Resour. Manag. J. 27(1), 22–38 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hemp, P.: Death by information overload. Harv. Bus. Rev. 87(9), 82–89 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hjálmsdóttir, A., Bjarnadóttir, V.S.: “I have turned into a foreman here at home”: families and work–life balance in times of COVID-19 in a gender equality paradise. Gend. Work. Organ. 28(1), 268–283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Internet in Lithuania is fastest in the world (2021). https://urm.lt/niujorkas/en/news/internet-in-lithuania-is-fastest-in-the-world_1. Accessed 12 Sept 2021

  34. Jawahar, I.M., Stone, T.H., Kisamore, J.L.: Role conflict and burnout: the direct and moderating effects of political skill and perceived organizational support on burnout dimensions. Int. J. Stress. Manag. 14(2), 142 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kelliher, C., Richardson, J., Boiarintseva, G.: All of work? All of life? Reconceptualising work-life balance for the 21st century. Hum. Resour. Manag. J. 29(2), 97–112 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Khedhaouria, A., Cucchi, A.: Technostress creators, personality traits, and job burnout: a fuzzy-set configurational analysis. J. Bus. Res. 101, 349–361 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Korunka, C., Vartiainen, M.: Digital technologies at work are great, aren’t they? The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their relevance in the world of work. In: An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology, pp. 102–120 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lazarus, R.S.: Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. McGraw-Hill, New York (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Leung, L., Zhang, R.: Mapping ICT use at home and telecommuting practices: a perspective from work/family border theory. Telemat. Inform. 34(1), 385–396 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mahapatra, M., Pati, S.P.: Technostress creators and burnout: a job demands-resources perspective. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGMIS Conference on Computers and People Research, pp. 70–77 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Marsh, K., Musson, G.: Men at work and at home: managing emotion in telework. Gend. Work. Organ. 15(1), 31–48 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00353.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B., Leiter, M.P.: Job burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52(1), 397–422 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. McGrath, J.: Stress and behavior in organizations. In: Dunnette, M. (ed.) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp. 1351–1395. Rand-McNally, Chicago (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Molino, M., Cortese, C.G., Ghislieri, C.: Unsustainable working conditions: the association of destructive leadership, use of technology, and workload with workaholism and exhaustion. Sustainability 11(2), 446 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Molino, M., Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Manuti, A., Giancaspro, M.L., Russo, V., Cortese, C.G.: Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 remote working: an investigation using the Italian translation of the technostress creators scale. Sustainability 12(15), 5911 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Nunnally, J.C.: Psychometric Theory, 2d edn. McGraw-Hill (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  47. O’Driscoll, M.P., Biron, C., Cooper, C.L.: Chapter 4: Work-related technological change and psychological well-being. In: Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (ed.) Technology and Psychological Well-Being, pp. 106–139. Cambridge University Press, New York (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2010)0000008010

  48. Palumbo, R.: Let me go to the office! An investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. Int. J. Public Sect. Manag. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2020-0150

  49. Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B.S., Tu, Q.: The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: conceptual development and empirical validation. Inf. Syst. Res. 19(4), 417–433 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Reiter, N.: Work life balance: what DO you mean? The ethical ideology and underpinning appropriate application. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 43(2), 273–294 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886306295639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Roztocki, N., Soja, P., Weistroffer, H.R.: The role of information and communication technologies in socioeconomic development: towards a multi-dimensional framework (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1596654

  52. Saim, M.A.S.M., Rashid, W.E.W., Ma’on, S.N.: Technostress creator and work life balance: a systematic literature review. Rom. J. Inf. Technol. Autom. Control 31(1), 77–88 (2021). https://doi.org/10.33436/v31i1y202106

  53. Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Cifre, E.: The dark side of technologies: technostress among users of information and communication technologies. Int. J. Psychol. 48(3), 422–436 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Ventura, M.: Technostress: the dark side of technologies. In: The Impact of ICT on Quality of Working Life, pp. 87–103. Springer, Dordrecht (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8854-0_6

  55. Salmela-Aro, K., Rantanen, J., Hyvönen, K., Tilleman, K., Feldt, T.: Bergen Burnout Inventory: reliability and validity among Finnish and Estonian managers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 84(6), 635–645 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sardeshmukh, S.R., Sharma, D., Golden, T.D.: Impact of telework on exhaustion and job engagement: a job demands and job resources model. N. Technol. Work. Employ. 27(3), 193–207 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Schaufeli, W.B.: Applying the job demands-resources model. Organ. Dyn. 2(46), 120–132 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Schwab, K.: The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Currency (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Shoss, M.K.: Job insecurity: an integrative review and agenda for future research. J. Manag. 43(6), 1911–1939 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574

  60. Shu, Q., Tu, Q., Wang, K.: The impact of computer self-efficacy and technology dependence on computer-related technostress: a social cognitive theory perspective. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 27(10), 923–939 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.555313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Spagnoli, P., Molino, M., Molinaro, D., Giancaspro, M.L., Manuti, A., Ghislieri, C.: Workaholism and technostress during the COVID-19 emergency: the crucial role of the leaders on remote working. Front. Psychol. 11, 3714 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Srivastava, S.C., Chandra, S., Shirish, A.: Technostress creators and job outcomes: theorising the moderating influence of personality traits. Inf. Syst. J. 25(4), 355–401 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Stankevičiūtė, Ž, Savanevičienė, A.: Designing sustainable HRM: the core characteristics of emerging field. Sustainability 10(12), 4798 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Tarafdar, M., Pullins, E.B., Ragu-Nathan, T.S.: Technostress: negative effect on performance and possible mitigations. Inf. Syst. J. 25(2), 103–132 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T.S.: Impact of technostress on end-user satisfaction and performance. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 27(3), 303–334 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B.S., Ragu-Nathan, T.S.: The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 24(1), 301–328 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B.S.: Crossing to the dark side: examining creators, outcomes, and inhibitors of technostress. Commun. ACM 54(9), 113–120 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Thulin, E., Vilhelmson, B., Johansson, M.: New telework, time pressure, and time use control in everyday life. Sustainability 11(11), 3067 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. La Torre, G., Esposito, A., Sciarra, I., Chiappetta, M.: Definition, symptoms and risk of techno-stress: a systematic review. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 92(1), 13–35 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Vilhelmson, B., Thulin, E.: Who and where are the flexible workers? Exploring the current diffusion of telework in Sweden. N. Technol. Work. Employ. 31(1), 77–96 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Weil, M.M., Rosen, L.D.: TechnoStress: Coping with Technology @Work @Home @Play. Wiley, New York (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Welz, C., Wolf, F.: Telework in the European Union. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2010). www.eurofound.europa.eu

  73. Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., Kim, W.: The relationship between work engagement and work–life balance in organizations: a review of the empirical research. Hum. Resour. Dev. Rev. 19(3), 240–262 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Yip, B., Rowlinson, S., Siu, O.L.: Coping strategies as moderators in the relationship between role overload and burnout. Constr. Manag. Econ. 26(8), 871–882 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhao, G., Wang, Q., Wu, L., Dong, Y.: Exploring the structural relationship between university support, students’ technostress, and burnout in technology-enhanced learning. Asia Pac. Educ. Res. 1–11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00588-4

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Živilė Stankevičiūtė .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stankevičiūtė, Ž. (2022). The Dark Side of Technology Use: The Relationship Between Technostress Creators, Employee Work-Life Balance, and Job Burnout While Working Remotely During the COVID-19 Lockdown. In: Ivascu, L., Cioca, LI., Filip, F.G. (eds) Intelligent Techniques for Efficient Use of Valuable Resources. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 227. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09928-1_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics