Abstract
Drug dose titration (DT) is the clinical process of progressively adjusting the dose of a medication for the maximum benefit of the patient. Several DT clinical models exist based on the elementary concepts of null, initial, and maximal doses, as well as, dose increments and decrements. These values depend on the target disease, the drug considered, and some parameters such as the patient’s age, gender, weight, and race. This paper describes the formalization of this knowledge as an ontology, and its use to detect chronic hypertension patient treatment deviations from standard DT models with regard to drug replacement (step-1 treatment) and drug supplementation (step-2 treatment).
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge support from the Slovenian Research Agency (Research Core Funding No. P2-0057) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Funding Code PID2019-105789RB-I00).
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Appendix. Summary of drug information in the ontology
Appendix. Summary of drug information in the ontology
Drug Type | Drug Name | Patient Group | Disease | Init dose | Max dose | Dose incr | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB | Acebutolol | adult | HTN | 200 mg | 400 mg | 200 mg\(^{(*)}\) | bid |
Atenolol | adult | HTN | 50 mg | 100 mg | 50 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Bisoprolol | adult | HTN | 5 mg | 20 mg | 5 mg | od | |
Metoprolol (tartrate) | adult | HTN | 50 mg | 90 mg | 50 mg\(^{(*)}\) | Bid | |
Metoprolol (succinate) | adult | HTN | 25 mg | 450 mg | 25 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Nadolol | adult | HTN | 40 mg | 320 mg | 40 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Nebivolol | adult | HTN | 5 mg | 40 mg | 5 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Propranolol | adult | HTN | 40 mg | 640 mg | 40 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Child | HTN | 0.04 mg/kg | 8 mg/kg | 0.04 mg/kg | Qid | ||
1y-17y | HTN | 0.3 mg/kg | 213 mg/day | 1.3 mg/kg | Tid | ||
ACEi | Benazepril | adult | HTN | 10 mg | 80 mg | 10 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od |
6y-17y | HTN | 0.2 mg/kg | 40 mg/day | 0.2 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | od | ||
Captopril | adult | HTN | 25 mg | 450 mg | 25 mg | Tid | |
Enalapril | adult | HTN | 5 mg | 40 mg | 5 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
1M-17y | HTN | 0.08 mg/kg | 0.58 mg/kg | 0.08 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | od | ||
Fosinopril | adult | HTN | 10 mg | 40 mg | 10 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Lisinopril | adult | HTN | 5 mg | 80 mg | 5 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Geriatric | HTN | 2.5 mg | 40 mg | 2.5 mg | od | ||
6y-17y | HTN | 0.07 mg/kg | 0.61 mg/kg | 0.07 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | od | ||
Moexipril | adult | HTN | 7.5 mg | 60 mg | 7.5 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Perindopril | adult | HTN | 4 mg | 16 mg | 4 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
>70y | HTN | 4 mg | 16 mg | 4 mg | od | ||
Quinapril | adult | HTN | 10 mg | 80 mg | 10 mg | od | |
Ramipril | adult | HTN | 2.5 mg | 20 mg | 2.5 mg \(^{(*)}\) | od | |
Trandolapril | adult non-black | HTN | 1 mg | 4 mg | 1 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | |
adult black | HTN | 2 mg | 4 mg | 2 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od | ||
TLD | Chlorothiazide | adult | HTN | 500 mg | 1000 mg mg | 500 mg\(^{(*)}\) | od |
<6M | HTN | 5 mg/kg | 125 mg | 5 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | Bid | ||
6M-2y | HTN | 5 mg/kg | 125 mg | 5 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | Bid | ||
2y-12y | HTN | 5 mg/kg | 500 mg | 5 mg/kg\(^{(*)}\) | Bid | ||
Chlorthalidone | adult | HTN | 25 mg | 100 mg | 50 mg | od | |
Hydrochlorothiazide | adult | HTN | 12.5 mg | 25 mg | 12.5 mg \(^{(*)}\) | bid | |
< 6M | HTN | 1.5 mg/kg | 1.5 mg/kg | 0 mg/kg | bid | ||
6M-2y | HTN | 0.5 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg | 0.5 mg/kg \(^{(*)}\) | bid | ||
2y-12y | HTN | 0.5 mg/kg | 50 mg | 1.5 mg/kg \(^{(*)}\) | bid | ||
Indapamide | adult | HTN | 1.25 mg | - | - | od | |
Metolazone (Zaroxolyn) | adult | HTN | 2.5 mg | - | - | od | |
Metolazone (Mykrox) | adult | HTN | 0.5 mg | - | - | od | |
PSD | Spironalactone | adult | HTN | 50–100 mg | 400 mg | 50 mg | od |
ARB | Azilsartan (Edarbi) | - | - | 80 mg | 80 mg | 0 mg | od |
Candesartan (Atacand) | adult | HTN | 16 mg | 32 mg | 8 mg | od | |
1y-6y | HTN | 0.2 mg/kg | - | - | od | ||
6y-17y <50kg | HTN | 4–8 mg | - | - | od | ||
6y-17y >50kg | HTN | 8–16 mg | - | - | od | ||
Eprosartan | adult | HTN | 600 mg | 800 mg | 200 mg | od | |
Irbesartan (Avapro) | adult | HTN | 150 mg | 300 mg | 150 mg | od | |
Losartan (Cozaar) | adult | HTN | 50 mg | 100 mg | 50 mg | od | |
>=6y | HTN | 0.7 mg/kg | 50 mg | - | od | ||
Olmesartan (Benicar) | adult | HTN | 20 mg | 40 mg | 20 mg | od | |
6y-16y 20–35kg | HTN | 10 mg | 20 mg | 10 mg | od | ||
6y-16y >35kg | HTN | 20 mg | 40 mg | 20 mg | od | ||
Telmisartan (Micardis) | adult | HTN | 40 mg | - | - | od | |
Valsartan (Diovan) | adult | HTN | 80 mg | 320 mg | 80 mg | od | |
6y-16y | HTN | 1.3 mg/kg | 40 mg | - | od | ||
AB | Doxazosin (Cardura) | adult | HTN | 1 mg | 16 mg | Double | od |
Prazosin (Minipress) | adult | HTN | 1 mg | 10 mg | - | Bid | |
Terazosin | adult | HTN | 1 mg | 20 mg | 2 mg | od | |
CCB | Amlodipine (Norvasc) | adult | HTN | 5 mg | 10 mg | 5 mg | od |
geriatric | HTN | 2.5 mg | 10 mg | 2.5 mg | od | ||
6y-17y | HTN | - | 5 mg | - | od | ||
Diltiazem (Extended Release Caps.) | adult | HTN | 120 mg | 540 mg | 120 mg | od | |
Felodipine | adult | HTN | 5 mg | - | - | od | |
geriatric | HTN | 2.5 mg | - | - | od | ||
>1y | HTN | 2.5 mg | 10 mg | 2.5 mg | od | ||
Isradipine (Immediate-release Caps.) | adult | HTN | 2.5 mg | 20 mg | 2.5 mg | Bid | |
Nicardipine (oral Immediate-release) | adult | HTN | 20 mg | - | - | Tid | |
Nifedipine (Procardia) | adult | HTN | 10 mg | 40 mg | 10 mg | Tid | |
Nisoldipine | adult | HTN | 17 mg | 34 mg | 17 mg | od | |
Verapamil (Calan SR) | adult | HTN | 120 mg | 480 m | 120 mg | od |
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Riaño, D., Alonso, JR., Pečnik, Š., Kamišalić, A. (2022). An Ontology to Support Automatic Drug Dose Titration. In: Michalowski, M., Abidi, S.S.R., Abidi, S. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. AIME 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13263. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09342-5_4
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