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Hypoparathyroidism

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Parathyroid Gland Disorders

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Abstract

Hypoparathyroidism is a condition characterized by absence or inappropriately low concentrations of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated fractional excretion of calcium (Ca) in the urine, with tendency toward chronic tetany. The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is inadvertent damage or excision of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Other causes of hypocalcemia that need to be ruled out include magnesium deficiency and vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of low serum Ca effect on the internal organs and correlate strongly with the acuteness of the low serum Ca and the absolute level. Presenting symptoms are variable. Mild symptoms include numbness and tingling of the extremities and perioral region, muscle cramps, and fatigue, and in severe cases tetany, seizure, altered mental status, cardiac rhythm disturbances, refractory congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, and laryngospasm can be seen. In most patients, symptoms develop when the albumin-corrected serum calcium is less than 7.5–8.0 mg/dL. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment and diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management (screening, prophylaxis, and treatment), quality of life, and outlook of both hypoparathyroidism and pseudo-hypoparathyroidism.

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  1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt

    Mahmoud F. Sakr

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Sakr, M.F. (2022). Hypoparathyroidism. In: Parathyroid Gland Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07418-9_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07418-9_9

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