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Operando Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy

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Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization

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Abstract

Advances in nanoscience and particularly in the fabrication of sophisticated nanostructures have led to substantial progress in the design of catalytic materials. Probing species at an aqueous interface during electrochemical reactions poses a great challenge to experimentalists and has raised considerable attention over the past decades, which is especially intriguing in the field of electrocatalysis. Several approaches for coupling electrochemical measurements to spectroscopic characterization of the electrode itself have been established and such experimental setups now represent state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Alongside with such developments a substantial improvement of already existing technologies for the analysis of nanostructures has been achieved, rendering them suitable to address the aforementioned challenges. A prime example is the case of Raman spectroscopy, which has been substantially developed in recent years toward the study of adsorbed molecules and/or the state of a material during catalytic reactions.

Boosted by the discovery of the significant signal enhancement upon using nanostructured metals as substrates, Raman spectroscopy has evolved to become an appropriate tool for allowing the detection of Raman-active species in very small concentrations. Moreover, its versatility regarding operating conditions led to the development of operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy (OERS), namely, Raman spectroscopic investigations of the electrochemical interfaces while electrochemical conversion under a controlled reaction rate is proceeding. Being electrochemists by training, we focus in this contribution on reactions linked to challenges in modern electrochemistry such as water electrolysis and CO2 conversion, and we highlight recent studies providing a comprehensive overview of developments important to the field. We aim to familiarize the reader with theoretical background of electrochemistry and Raman spectroscopy, and we broadly illustrate the implications of OERS for the understanding of fundamental electrochemical reactions and the elucidation of reaction mechanisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Wolfgang Schuhmann, Denis Öhl & Dulce M. Morales

  2. Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Dulce M. Morales

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  1. Wolfgang Schuhmann
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  2. Denis Öhl
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  3. Dulce M. Morales
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Correspondence to Wolfgang Schuhmann .

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  1. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy & Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

    Israel E. Wachs

  2. Catalytic Spectroscopy Laboratory, Spectroscopy and Industrial Catalysis, SpeiCat Institute for Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel A. Bañares

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Schuhmann, W., Öhl, D., Morales, D.M. (2023). Operando Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy. In: Wachs, I.E., Bañares, M.A. (eds) Springer Handbook of Advanced Catalyst Characterization. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07125-6_9

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