Skip to main content

What Can fMRI Add to the ERP Story?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
EEG - fMRI
  • 1180 Accesses

Abstract

For decades and up to now, event-related potentials (ERPs) have been successfully used in the investigation of human brain function, both in healthy subjects and in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, and are still among the mainstays of noninvasive neuroscience. They offer objective measurements of brain activity with a high temporal resolution. However, they are limited concerning their spatial information. Accordingly, several methods have been developed to estimate the underlying neural generators, and further strategies have been applied in order to gain information about the ERP generation based on lesion studies or intracranial measurements. The combination of ERPs and fMRI is successfully used today in terms of adding high spatial information to ERP research. In this chapter, the possibilities and limitations of combining EEG with fMRI are discussed within the historical context of ERP research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmadi M, Kazemi K, Kuc K, Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Zakrzewska M, Racicka-Pawlukiewicz E, Helfroush MS, Aarabi A (2020) Cortical source analysis of resting state EEG data in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 131:2115–2130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderer P, Saletu B et al (2003) Non-invasive localization of P300 sources in normal aging and age-associated memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 24(3):463–479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreou C, Frielinghaus H, Rauh J, Mussmann M, Vauth S, Braun P, Leicht G, Mulert C (2017) Theta and high-beta networks for feedback processing: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study in healthy male subjects. Transl Psychiatry 7:e1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson RJ, Michie PT, Schall U (2012) Duration mismatch negativity and P3a in first-episode psychosis and individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 71:98–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bela C, Monika B et al (2007) Valproate selectively reduces EEG activity in anterior parts of the cortex in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. A low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) study. Epilepsy Res 75(2&3):186–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bledowski C, Linden DE et al (2007) Combining electro physiology and functional imaging—different methods for different questions. Trends Cogn Sci 11(12):500–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodatsch M, Brockhaus-Dumke A, Klosterkotter J, Ruhrmann S (2015) Forecasting psychosis by event-related potentials-systematic review and specific meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 77:951–958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brazdil M, Dobsik M et al (2005) Combined event-related fMRI and intra cerebral ERP study of an auditory odd ball task. Neuroimage 26(1):285–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crick F (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the search light hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81(14):4586–4590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuffin BN (1985) A comparison of moving dipole inverse solutions using EEG’s and MEG’s. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 32(11):905–910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis PA (1939) Effects of acoustic stimuli on the waking human brain. J Neurophysiol 2:494–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debener S, Ullsperger M et al (2005) Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electro encephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring. J Neurosci 25(50):11730–11737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dien J, Spencer KM et al (2004) Parsing the late positive complex: mental chronometry and the ERP components that inhabit the neighborhood of the P300. Psychophysiology 41(5):665–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eichele T, Specht K et al (2005) Assessing the spatio temporal evolution of neuronal activation with single-trial event-related potentials and functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(49):17798–17803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J et al (1994) Effects of choice complexity on different subcomponents of the late positive complex of the event-related potential. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 92(2):148–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford JM, White P et al (1994) Schizophrenic shave fewer and smaller P300s: a single-trial analysis. Biol Psychiatry 35(2):96–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formisano E, Goebel R (2003) Tracking cognitive processes with functional MRI mental chronometry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13(2):174–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formisano E, Linden DE et al (2002) Tracking the mind’s image in the brain I: time-resolved fMRI during visuospatial mental imagery. Neuron 35(1):185–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friederici AD, Pfeifer E et al (1993) Event-related brain potentials during natural speech processing: effects of semantic, morphological and syntactic violations. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1(3):183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friston K, Harrison L et al (2008) Multiples parse priors for the M/EEG inverse problem. Neuroimage 39(3):1104–1120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrido MI, Kilner JM et al (2007) Evoked brain responses are generated by feedback loops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(52):20961–20966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gianotti LR, Kunig G et al (2007) Correlation between disease severity and brain electric LORETA tomography in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 118(1):186–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160(4):636–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray CM, Konig P et al (1989) Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338(6213):334–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haaf M, Leicht G, Curic S, Mulert C (2018) Glutamatergic deficits in schizophrenia—biomarkers and pharmacological interventions within the ketamine model. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 19:293–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajcak G, Foti D (2020) Significance?... Significance! Empirical, methodological, and theoretical connections between the late positive potential and P300 as neural responses to stimulus significance: an integrative review. Psychophysiology 57:e13570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halgren E, Baudena P et al (1994) Spatio-temporal stages in face and word processing. 2. Depth-recorded potentials in the human frontal and Rolandic cortices [published erratum appears in J Physiol Paris 1994; 88(2): following 151]. J Physiol Paris 88(1):51–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halgren E, Baudena P et al (1995a) Intra cerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. I Superior temporal plane and parietal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 94(3):191–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halgren E, Baudena P et al (1995b) Intra cerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. II. Medial, lateral and posterior temporal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol l94(4):229–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halgren E, Marinkovic K, Chauvel P (1998) Generators of the late cognitive potentials in auditory and visual odd ball tasks. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 106:159–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamalainen M, Ilmoniemi RJ (1984) Interpreting measured magnetic fields of the brain: estimates of current distributions (technical report TKK-F-A559). Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamalainen MS, Ilmoniemi RJ (1994) Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: minimum norm estimates. Med Biol Eng Comput 32(1):35–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamalainen MS, Sarvas J (1989) Realistic conductivity geometry model of the human head for interpretation of neuromagnetic data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 36(2):165–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegerl U, Gallinat J et al (1994) Intensity dependence of auditory evoked dipole source activity. Int J Psychophysiol 17(1):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegerl U, Juckel G et al (1995) Schizophrenics with small P300: a subgroup with an euro developmental disturbance and a high risk for tardive dyskinesia? Acta Psychiatr Scand 91(2):120–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmholtz H (1853) Ãœbereinige Gesetzeder Vertheilungelektrischer Strömeinkörperlichen Leiternmitder Anwendungaufdiethierisch-elektrischen Versuche. Annalender Physikund Chemie 89(211–233):353–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson CJ, Butler SR et al (1975) The localization of equivalent dipoles of EEG sources by the application of electrical field theory. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 39(2):117–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey C, Di Lollo V, McDonald JJ (2009) Electrophysiological indices of target and distractor processing in visual search. J Cogn Neurosci 21:760–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyard SA, Hink RF et al (1973) Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science 182(108):177–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinterberger T, Veit R et al (2005) Neuronal mechanisms underlying control of a brain-computer interface. Eur J Neurosci 21(11):3169–3181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes SW, Crunelli V (2005) Thalamic mechanisms of EEG alpha rhythms and their pathological implications. Neuroscientist 11(4):357–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilmoniemi RJ (1993) Models of source currents in the brain. Brain Topogr 5(4):331–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itier RJ, Latinus M et al (2006) Face, eye and object early processing: what is the face specificity? Neuroimage 29(2):667–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt DC, Spencer KM et al (2008) Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7(1):68–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon YW, Polich J (2003) Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology 40(5):684–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katsanis J, Iacono WG et al (1997) P300 event-related potential heritability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Psychophysiology 34(1):47–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiang M, Kutas M et al (2008) An event-related brain potential study of direct and indirect semantic priming in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 165(1):74–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Lee TH, Yoon YB, Lee TY, Kwon JS (2018) Predicting remission in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis using mismatch negativity. Schizophr Bull 44:575–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutas M, Hillyard SA (1980) Event-related brain potentials to semantically in appropriate and surprisingly large words. Biol Psychol 11(2):99–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leicht G, Troschutz S, Andreou C, Karamatskos E, Ertl M, Naber D, Mulert C (2013) Relationship between oscillatory neuronal activity during reward processing and trait impulsivity and sensation seeking. PLoS One 8:e83414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leicht G, Andreou C, Nafe T, Nagele F, Rauh J, Curic S, Schauer P, Schottle D, Steinmann S, Mulert C (2020) Alterations of oscillatory neuronal activity during reward processing in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 129:80–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linden DE, Prvulovic D et al (1999) The functional neuro anatomy of target detection: an fMRI study of visual and auditory odd ball tasks. Cereb Cortex 9(8):815–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Tang H, Wei W, Wang G, Du Y, Ruan J (2021) Altered peri-seizure EEG microstate dynamics in patients with absence epilepsy. Seizure 88:15–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llinas RR (1988) The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242(4886):1654–1664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhofen DEL, Hubner N, Hemdan F, Sammer G, Henare D, Schubo A, Mulert C (2021) Differing time courses of reward-related attentional processing: an EEG source-space analysis. Brain Topogr 34:283–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes da Silva F (1991) Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: from neural membranes to networks. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 79(2):81–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes da Silva F (1993) EEG analysis: theory and practice. In: Niedermeyer E, Lopes DS (eds) Electroencephalography. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, p 1117

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathalon DH, Ford JM et al (2000) Trait and state aspects of p300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia: a retrospective longitudinal study. Biol Psychiatry 47(5):434–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAlonan K, Cavanaugh J et al (2006) Attentional modulation of thalamic reticular neurons. J Neurosci 26(16):4444–4450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy G, Wood CC et al (1989) Task-dependent field potentials in human hippocampal formation. J Neurosci 9(12):4253–4268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy G, Luby M et al (1997) Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI. J Neurophysiol 77(3):1630–1634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meijs JW, Peters MJ et al (1988) Relative influence of model assumptions and measurement procedures in the analysis of the MEG. Med Biol Eng Comput 26(2):136–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menon V, Ford JM et al (1997) Combined event-related fMRI and EEG evidence for temporal-parietal cortex activation during target detection. Neuroreport 8(14):3029–3037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina V, Bachiller A, de Luis R, Lubeiro A, Poza J, Hornero R, Alonso JF, Mananas MA, Marques P, Romero S (2019) Topography of activation deficits in schizophrenia during P300 task related to cognition and structural connectivity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 269:419–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulert C, Gallinat J et al (2001) Reduced event-related current density in the anterior cingulated cortex in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 13(4):589–600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulert C, Jager L et al (2004) Integration of fMRI and simultaneous EEG: towards a comprehensive understanding of localization and time-course of brain activity in target detection. Neuroimage 22(1):83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulert C, Jager L et al (2005) Sound level dependence of the primary auditory cortex: simultaneous measurement with 61-channel EEG and fMRI. Neuroimage 28(1):49–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulert C, Leicht G et al (2007) Auditory cortex and anterior cingulated cortex sources of the early evoked gamma-band response: relationship to task difficulty and mental effort. Neuropsychologia 45(10):2294–2306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulert C, Seifert C et al (2008) Single-trial coupling of EEG and fMRI reveals the involvement of anterior cingulated cortex activation in effortful decision making. Neuroimage 42(1):158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naatanen R, Picton T (1987) The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: are view and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 24(4):375–425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naatanen R, Paavilainen P, Rinne T, Alho K (2007) The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2544–2590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naatanen R, Todd J, Schall U (2016) Mismatch negativity (MMN) as biomarker predicting psychosis in clinically at-risk individuals. Biol Psychol 116:36–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai Y, Critchley HD et al (2004) Brain activity relating to the contingent negative variation: an fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 21(4):1232–1241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez PL, Silberstein RB (2000) On the relationship of synaptic activity to macroscopic measurements: does co-registration of EEG with fMRI make sense? Brain Topogr 13(2):79–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Marqui RD (2002) Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 24(Suppl D):5–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM et al (1994) Low resolution electromagnetic tomography: a new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. Int J Psychophysiol 18(1):49–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Marqui RD, Lehmann D et al (1999) Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) functional imaging in acute, neuroleptic-naive, first-episode, productive schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 90(3):169–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips C, Mattout J et al (2005) An empirical Bayesian solution to the source reconstruction problem in EEG. Neuroimage 24(4):997–1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzagalli D, Pascual-Marqui RD et al (2001) Anterior cingulated activity as a predictor of degree of treatment response in major depression: evidence from brain electrical tomography analysis. Am J Psychiatry 158(3):405–415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzagalli DA, Oakes TR et al (2003) Coupling of theta activity and glucose metabolism in the human rostral anterior cingulated cortex: an EEG/PET study of normal and depressed subjects. Psychophysiology 40(6):939–949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pogarell O, Mulert C et al (2007) Event-related potentials in psychiatry. Clin EEG Neurosci 38(1):25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polich J, Squire LR (1993) P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 86(6):408–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner MI (2005) Timing the brain: mental chronometry as a tool in neuroscience. PLoS Biol 3(2):e51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne T, Alho K et al (2000) Separate time behaviors of the temporal and frontal mismatch negativity sources. Neuroimage 12(1):14–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosburg T, Trautner P et al (2005) Subdural recordings of the mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with focal epilepsy. Brain 128(Pt 4):819–828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosburg T, Trautner P et al (2007) Hippocampal event-related potentials to tone duration deviance in a passive odd ball paradigm in humans. Neuroimage 37(1):274–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagiv N, Bentin S (2001) Structural encoding of human and schematic faces: holistic and part-based processes. J Cogn Neurosci 13(7):937–951

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury DF, Shenton ME et al (1998) First-episode schizophrenic psychosis differs from first-episode affective psychosis and controls in P300 amplitude over left temporal lobe [published erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(5):413]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(2):173–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherg M, Berg P (1991) Use of prior knowledge in brain electromagnetic source analysis. Brain Topogr 4(2):143–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherg M, von Cramon D (1985) Two bilateral sources of the late AEP as identified by a spatio-temporal dipole model. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 62(1):32–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherg M, von Cramon D (1986) Evoked dipole source potentials of the human auditory cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 65(5):344–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherg M, Bast T et al (1999) Multiple source analysis of interictal spikes: goals, requirements, and clinical value. J Clin Neurophysiol 16(3):214–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider MR (1972) A multi stage process for computing virtual dipolar sources of EEG discharges from surface information. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 19(1):1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider M (1974) Effect of in homogeneities on surface signals coming from a cerebral current-dipole source. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2(1):52–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sencaj RW, Aunon JI (1982) Dipole localization of average and single visual evoked potentials. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 29(1):26–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann S, Meier J, Nolte G, Engel AK, Leicht G, Mulert C (2018) The Callosal relay model of interhemispheric communication: new evidence from effective connectivity analysis. Brain Topogr 31:218–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade M (1994) Sleep oscillations and their blockage by activating systems. J Psychiatry Neurosci 19(5):354–358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strik WK, Dierks T et al (1993a) Differences in P300 amplitudes and topography between cycloid psychosis and schizophrenia in Leonhard’s classification. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87(3):179–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strik WK, Dierks T et al (1993b) Amplitudes of auditory P300 in remitted and residual schizophrenics: correlations with clinical features. Neuropsychobiology 27(1):54–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strik WK, Fallgatter AJ et al (1997) Specific P300 features in patients with cycloid psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95(1):67–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton S (1969) The specification of psychological variables in an average evoked potential experiment. In: Donchin E, Lindsley DB (eds) Average evoked potentials. Methods, results and evaluations (NASASP-191). Columbia University Press, NewYork, pp 237–262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton S, Braren M et al (1965) Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150(700):1187–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MJ, Batty M et al (2004) The faces of development: are view of early face processing over childhood. J Cogn Neurosci 16(8):1426–1442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Aubert-Vazquez E et al (2008) Bayesian M/EEG source reconstruction with spatio-temporal priors. Neuroimage 39(1):318–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ventouras EM, Alevizos I et al (2007) Independent components of sleep spindles. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:4002–4005

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner M, Fuchs M et al (2004) Evaluation of sLORETA in the presence of noise and multiple sources. Brain Topogr 16(4):277–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter WG, Cooper R et al (1964) Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 203:380–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JZ, Williamson SJ et al (1992) Magnetic source images determined by a lead-field analysis: the unique minimum-norm least-squares estimation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 39(7):665–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright MJ, Hansell NK et al (2001) Genetic influence on the variance in P3 amplitude and latency. Behav Genet 31(6):555–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christoph Mulert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mulert, C. (2022). What Can fMRI Add to the ERP Story?. In: Mulert, C., Lemieux, L. (eds) EEG - fMRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07121-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07121-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-07120-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-07121-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics