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Locally Measured Neuronal Correlates of Functional MRI Signals

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Abstract

Functional brain imaging techniques, such as functional MRI (fMRI), are commonly used to estimate local changes in neuronal activity in response to stimuli or experimental tasks. Compared to all other non-invasive functional imaging methods, fMRI has the best spatial specificity relative to the site of changes in neuronal activity. However, fMRI signals are not direct measures of neuronal activity such as action potentials or synaptic activation. Instead, fMRI measures local metabolic and blood-based (hemodynamic) responses, which are thought to be linked to local changes in neuronal activity via neurovascular coupling. Here we review theoretical and empirical insights into the link between neuronal activity and fMRI signals as well as the physiological processes that give rise to neurovascular coupling. What exactly links neural activity to the fMRI signal remains a topic of ongoing research. However, current evidence shows that graded increases in neuronal activity evoke a monotonous increase in metabolic and hemodynamic activity. The majority of studies indicate that for stimuli that are several seconds long or longer, this relationship between local neural activity and the fMRI response is approximately linear. In line with this observation, negative BOLD responses have been shown to be associated with decreases in neuronal activity. Non-task-related (i.e., ongoing or spontaneous) changes in fMRI signal have been shown to reflect both changes in locally measured neuronal activity as well as non-neuronal components, such as respiration. Under most experimental conditions, the cortical fMRI response appears to reflect both local synaptic activity and spiking output. However, in cases where synaptic and spiking activities are dissociated, the fMRI response seems to reflect local synaptic activity more closely than local spike rate changes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Amir Shmuel

  2. Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

    Alexander Maier

Authors
  1. Amir Shmuel
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  2. Alexander Maier
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Correspondence to Amir Shmuel .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

    Christoph Mulert

  2. UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK

    Louis Lemieux

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Shmuel, A., Maier, A. (2022). Locally Measured Neuronal Correlates of Functional MRI Signals. In: Mulert, C., Lemieux, L. (eds) EEG - fMRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07121-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07121-8_4

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