Abstract
The paper starts from the observation that, in Croatia, traditional sports and games (TSG) are not sufficiently recognized as heritage and consequently not used as a resource for sustainable development planning. In modern societies, under the influence of globalization processes, TSG have lost the significance they had throughout the history. In Croatia, they most commonly “live on” either owing to various written records or through sport and cultural events held primarily because of the enthusiasm of individuals and not because of good sustainable development governance. TSG could become one of sustainable development planning resources if their integral significance is considered and potentials for reuse in everyday life recognized. The results will depend on the planning and governance abilities of all stakeholders. TSG should not be considered merely as a segment of sport or culture, but also as factor contributing to the education on local culture, health, local economy and ecology, etc.
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Notes
- 1.
In July 2020, Croatian Television broadcast Days of Pride and Glory, a show about the Croatian national football team who placed second at the 2018 World Cup in Russia (Cvijanović 2020).
- 2.
The Croatian Sports Museum (its current name) changed its mission several times during its existence (education, followed by sport or culture). The exhibitions organized by Franjo Bučar at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century through the Sokol (Falcon) movement may be taken as the beginnings of sports museum and exhibition activities. After the Second World War, part of the sport heritage was kept at the Institute for Physical Education, established in 1952. In 1977, Croatian Museum of Physical Culture became a special department of the Faculty of Physical Education in Zagreb. Since 2003, the Museum has been under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, but it is not open to the public (Franulić et al. 2010).
- 3.
When, on the eighth of September 1874, Croatian Parliament adopted and emperor Franz Joseph I approved the Act on the Establishment of Primary Schools and Teacher Training Institutions for Primary School Teachers in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, 4-year compulsory education for all children was introduced, as well as supervision of schools. School attendance was free of charge, innovations in didactic and methodical procedures were introduced and physical education became compulsory. Classroom instruction was in the Croatian language and teachers used manuals to prepare lessons.
- 4.
The interest for describing TRSG in Croatia became more prominent at the end of the nineteenth century as part of ethnological research, i.e. as part of describing life and work habits of local population in a specific area. For example, Die österreichisch–ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, das Küstenland, 1891—described bocce (Spineic 1891, 203) and Die österreichisch–ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Dalmatien, 1892 described TSG—Sinjska alka (Danilo et al. 1892, 149).
- 5.
These researchers identified 31 sport tourism definitions between 1993 and 2014.
- 6.
This inventory and classification never became official in Croatia.
- 7.
Two traditional games (pljočkanje and picigin) and two equestrian chivalry games (Sinjska alka and Trka na prstenac (The Race for the Ring)) are protected as cultural heritage in Croatia. Sinjska alka has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity since 2010.
- 8.
Up to 2016, sport was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. From 2016 to 2020, sport had its own administrative body in the rank of a ministry, only to fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Tourism and Sports since mid-2020. Such frequent changes in the jurisdiction over sport lead to TSG being neglected as a component of sport while more attention is paid to global and professional sport.
- 9.
Compared with global sports, these financial resources are very small, yet to small local communities they may be very large.
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Acknowledgments
The research is a part of the internal scientific project “Cultural heritage in tourism—models for sustainable tourism” and carried out at the Institute for Tourism in Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kranjčević, J. (2022). Traditional Sports and Games as a Resource for Sustainable Development. In: Sobry, C., Hozhabri, K. (eds) International Perspectives on Sport for Sustainable Development . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06936-9_15
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