Abstract
Only seven years have passed since the insightful and poised historian Konrad Jarausch reflected on present-day Europe in a rather confident key. In deliberate contrast to both Richard Vinen’s relatively upbeat account and Mark Mazower’s darker view of European modernity, Jarausch argued that Europeans had finally processed the lessons of their twentieth-century tragedies and found ‘a balance between increasing economic competitiveness and preserving social solidarity’.
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Notes
- 1.
Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London: Penguin, 1998); Richard Vinen, A History in Fragments: Europe in the Twentieth Century (London: Little Brown, 2000).
- 2.
Konrad Hugo Jarausch, Out of Ashes: A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015), 746, 771–772.
- 3.
Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, ‘February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe’, Constellations 10, no. 3 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.00333. Notions of the EU as a model civilian power found their way in many commentaries at the beginning of the century, the most popular (and wide-eyed) of which was probably Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream: How Europe’s Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream (New York: Penguin, 2004).
- 4.
Ulrich Krotz, Kiran Klaus Patel and Federico Romero (eds.), Europe’s Cold War Relations: The EC Towards a Global Role (London: Bloomsbury, 2019); Wilfried Loth, Building Europe: A History of European Unification (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015); Desmond Dinan, Europe Recast: A History of European Union (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004); Mark Gilbert, Surpassing Realism: The Politics of European Integration Since 1945 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003); Wolfram Kaiser and Antonio Varsori (eds.), European Union History: Themes and Debates (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
- 5.
Lucia Coppolaro, ‘The EC as a Trading Power’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 127–145.
- 6.
Guia Migani, ‘La politique de coopération européenne: une politique étrangère ante litteram? Le rôle de la CEE au DAC pendant les années soixante’, in The Road to a United Europe: Interpretations of the Process of European Integration, eds. Morten Rasmussen and Ann-Christina Knudsen (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2009), 189–204; Katja Seidel, ‘The External Dimensions of the Common Agricultural Policy’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 165–185.
- 7.
See Wilfried Loth, ‘The EC and Foreign and Security Policy: The Dream of Autonomy’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 145–165.
- 8.
See Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century (London: Atlantic Books, 2003), and Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
- 9.
N. Piers Ludlow, ‘The History of the EC and the Cold War: Influenced and Influential, but Rarely Centre Stage’, and Wilfried Loth, ‘The EC and Foreign and Security Policy’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 15-32 and 145-165, respectively. See also Kiran Patel, ‘Provincialising the European Union: Co-operation and Integration in Europe in a Historical Perspective’, Contemporary European History 22, no. 4 (2013), 649–673.
- 10.
Declaration on European Identity (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973), at https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/02798dc9-9c69-4b7d-b2c9-f03a8db7da32/publishable_en.pdf.
- 11.
François Duchêne, ‘The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence’, in A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, eds. Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager (London: Macmillan, 1973), 19.
- 12.
Emma De Angelis and Eirini Karamouzi, ‘Enlargement and the Historical Origins of the European Community’s Democratic Identity, 1961–1978’, Contemporary European History 25, no. 3 (2016), 439–458; Eirini Karamouzi, ‘Enlargement as Foreign Policy’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 185–204.
- 13.
Angela Romano, The European Community and Eastern Europe in the Long 1970s. Challenging the Cold War Order in Europe (London-New York: Routledge, forthcoming in 2023); Claudia Hiepel (ed.), Europe in a Globalizing World 1970–1985 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2014); Poul Villaume and Odd Arne Westad (eds.), Perforating the Iron Curtain: European Détente, Transatlantic Relations, and the Cold War, 1965–1985 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2010).
- 14.
For a range of opinions, see Wilfried Loth, Overcoming the Cold War: A History of Détente, 1950–1991 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002); Jussi M. Hanhimäki, The Rise and Fall of Détente: American Foreign Policy and the Transformation of the Cold War (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2013); Odd Arne Westad, The Cold War: A World History (New York: Basic Books, 2017); John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Press, 2005); Mark Kramer, ‘The Demise of the Soviet Bloc’, The Journal of Modern History 83, no. 4 (2011), 788–854.
- 15.
Angela Romano and Federico Romero (eds.), European Socialist Regimes’ Fateful Engagement with the West: National Strategies in the Long 1970s (London: Routledge, 2021); Federico Romero, Storia della guerra fredda. L’ultimo conflitto per l’Europa (Turin: Einaudi, 2009); Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Silvio Pons, The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism 1917–1991 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Robert Service, The End of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (London: Macmillan, 2015).
- 16.
Wolfgang Streeck, Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism (New York: Verso, 2014); Rawi Abdelal, Capital Rules: The Construction of Global Finance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007); Hagen Schulz-Forberg and Bo Stråth, The Political History of European Integration: The Hypocrisy of Democracy-Through-Market (London: Routledge, 2010); Robert Bideleux, ‘European Integration: The Rescue of the Nation State?’, in The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History, ed. Dan Stone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 379–405; Aurélie Andry, Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol, Haakon A. Ikonomou and Quentin Jouan, ‘Rethinking European Integration History in Light of Capitalism: The Case of the Long 1970s’, European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire 26, no. 4 (2019), 553–572.
- 17.
Robert Brier, ‘Beyond the Quest for a ‘Breakthrough’: Reflections on the Recent Historiography on Human Rights’, European History Yearbook 16 (2015), 155–174.
- 18.
Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011), 162.
- 19.
George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Knopf, 1998), 253.
- 20.
Laurien Crump, ‘A Missed Opportunity for a New Europe? The End of the Cold War and Its Consequences for Western European Relations with Russia’, in 1989 and the West: Western Europe Since the End of the Cold War, eds. Eleni Braat and Pepijn Corduwener (London: Routledge, 2019), 188–206; Frédéric Bozo, Mitterrand, la fin de la guerre froide et l’unification allemande. De Yalta à Maastricht (Paris: Editions Odile Jacob, 2005); M. E. Sarotte, 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009); Svetlana Savranskaya, Thomas S. Blanton, and V. M. Zubok (eds.), Masterpieces of History: The Peaceful End of the Cold War in Eastern Europe, 1989 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010).
- 21.
Philipp Ther, Europe Since 1989: A History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016). See also Vincent Dujardin, Éric Bussière, Piers Ludlow, Federico Romero, Dieter Schlenker and Antonio Varsori (eds.), The European Commission 1986–2000: History and Memory of an Institution (Luxembourg: Office des publications de l’Union européenne, 2019).
- 22.
See Jacques Delors, Mémoires (Paris: Plon, 2004). The quotation is from: Entretien de Jacques Delors avec Shimon Peres, MAE d’Israel, 25 November 1993, Jacques Delors Fonds (JD), File No 1825, Historical Archives of the European Union.
- 23.
Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005).
- 24.
Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century (London: Atlantic Books, 2003).
- 25.
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
- 26.
See the discussion in Westad, The Cold War, 617–625.
- 27.
On the evolution of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, see Loth, Building Europe, 145–165.
- 28.
Elena Calandri, ‘The EEC and the Mediterranean: Hitting the Glass Ceiling’, in Europe’s Cold War Relations, 71–91.
- 29.
Vicki L. Birchfield, John Krige and Alasdair R. Young, ‘European Integration as a Peace Project’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19 (2017), 3–12.
- 30.
Desmond Dinan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson (eds.), The European Union in Crisis (London: Palgrave, 2017).
- 31.
Research on the propensity to vote for Trump makes it abundantly clear that racial considerations were far more relevant than issues of economic deprivation. See Matthew D. Luttig, Christopher M. Federico and Howard Lavine, ‘Supporters and Opponents of Donald Trump Respond Differently to Racial Cues: An Experimental Analysis’, Research & Politics 4, no. 4 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017737411.
- 32.
Ben Rosamond, ‘The Political Economy Context of EU Crises’, in The European Union in Crisis, 33–53; Antoine Vauchez, Democratizing Europe (New York: Palgrave, 2015); Vivien Ann Schmidt and Mark Thatcher, Resilient Liberalism in Europe’s Political Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); James A. Caporaso and Martin Rhodes, The Political and Economic Dynamics of the Eurozone Crisis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
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Romero, F. (2023). Europe Beyond the Cold War. In: Di Donato, M., Pons, S. (eds) European Integration and the Global Financial Crisis. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06797-6_15
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