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Negotiating the New Europe: Germany

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Abstract

The Treaty of Maastricht has long been explained as a political deal between France and Germany. The European Monetary Union (EMU), so the story goes, was the price Germany had to pay for France to accept German unification. Since the late 1960s, French governments had frequently attempted to integrate the dominant Deutschemark into a political framework in order to prevent German economic hegemony on the continent. In the 1970s and 1980s, German governments under the influence of the powerful Bundesbank had refused any kind of monetary union in Europe. Even the European Monetary System (EMS) was established in 1979 in the face of the opposition of the Bundesbank. When the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe collapsed in 1989 and German unification was suddenly on the agenda, French President François Mitterrand took the opportunity to bind his approval for German unity to Germany’s integration into a monetary union.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    David Marsh, The Euro: The Politics of the New Global Currency (London: New Haven, 2009).

  2. 2.

    Daniela Engelmann, Hans-Joachim Knopf, Klaus Roscher and Thomas Risse, ‘Identity Politics in the European Union: The Case of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)’, in The Politics of Economic and Monetary Union, eds. Petri Minkinnen and Heikki Parmäki (Boston: Springer US, 1997), 105–132.

  3. 3.

    This interpretation has been strongly influenced by Delors himself: Jacques Delors, Mémoires (Paris: Plon, 2004). See also Jan van der Harst, ‘Die Führung der Kommission’, in Die Europäische Kommission. Geschichte und Erinnerungen einer Institution (Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019), 59–70.

  4. 4.

    Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1998); Wilfried Loth, Europas Einigung. Eine unvollendete Geschichte (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2014).

  5. 5.

    Harold James, Making the European Monetary Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012). A critical assessment is provided by N. Piers Ludlow, ‘European Integration in the 1980s: On the way to Maastricht?’, Journal of European Integration History 19 (2013), 11–22.

  6. 6.

    For the history of Germany in the 1980s, see Andreas Wirsching, Abschied vom Provisorium 1982–1990 (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2006).

  7. 7.

    Gorbachev and his impact on European policy is analysed in Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA PR, 2007).

  8. 8.

    A first step in the analysis of the history of the European Commission is in Vincent Dujardin, Eric Bussière, Piers Ludlow, Federico Romero, Dieter Schlenker and Antonio Varsori (eds.), The European Commission, 1986–2000 (Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019).

  9. 9.

    Hans-Peter Schwarz and Helmut Kohl, Eine politische Biographie (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2012), 360–384.

  10. 10.

    Europe and the German Question is analysed in Guido Thiemeyer, Europäische Integration. Motive, Prozesse, Strukturen (Cologne: UTB GmbH, 2010), 89–112, and Andreas Rödder, Geschichte der Deutschen Wiedervereinigung (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2011). See also Frédéric Bozo, Andreas Rödder and Mary Elise Sarotte (eds.), German Reunification: A Multinational History (London-New York: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017).

  11. 11.

    Schwarz and Kohl, Eine politische Biographie, 397–412.

  12. 12.

    ‘Europäisches Manifest der Christlich Demokratischen Union Deutschlands’, at http://www.kas.de/upload/ACDP/CDU/Programme_Europaparlament/Manifest_Europatag.pdf.

  13. 13.

    Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (AAPD), 1987, München 2017, doc. no. 92. Gemeinsame Sitzung der Bundesregierung und der EG-Kommission, 2 April 1987, 455.

  14. 14.

    AAPD, 1987, Bd. 1, doc. no. 89, Gespräch zwischen Kohl und Mitterrand, 28 March 1987, 435.

  15. 15.

    Ibid., 435–436.

  16. 16.

    Agnes Bresselau von Bressensdorf, ‘Liberale Europapolitik? Bundesaußenminister Hans Dietrich Genscher und der Weg zur Einheitlichen Europäischen Akte (1981–1986)’, in Außenpolitik, eds. Kerstin Brauckhoff and Hans Dietrich Genschers (Wiesbaden: Springer, 2015), 173–192; Gerhard Ritter, ‘Deutschland und Europa. Grundzüge der Außenpolitik Genschers 1989–1992’, in ibid., 209–244.

  17. 17.

    AAPD, 1987, doc. no. 54, Gespräch zwischen Genscher und Howe, 25 February 1987.

  18. 18.

    AAPD, 1987, doc. no. 73, Aufzeichnung des Ministerialdirigenten Trumpf, 17 March 1987, 353.

  19. 19.

    Kiran Klaus Patel (ed.), Fertile Ground for Europe? The History of European Integration and the Common Agricultural Policy Since 1945 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009).

  20. 20.

    AAPD, 1987, doc. no. 74.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., doc. no. 92, Gemeinsame Sitzung der Bundesregierung und der EG-Kommission, 2 April 1987, 459.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., doc. no. 89, Gespräch zwischen Kohl und Mitterrand, 28 March 1987.

  23. 23.

    AAPD, 1988, vol. 1, doc. no. 15, Ministergespräch bei Kohl, 81.

  24. 24.

    Horst Ungerer, A Concise History of European Monetary Integration: From EPU to EMU (Westport: Quorum Books, 1997).

  25. 25.

    Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol, A Europe Made of Money: The Emergence of the European Monetary System (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012).

  26. 26.

    ‘Es mangelt an EG-Bewusstsein’, in Handelsblatt 31 December1987.

  27. 27.

    ‘Da werden wirklich Nägel mit Köpfen gemacht’, in Der Spiegel 36/1987, 31 August 1987.

  28. 28.

    Karl Otto Pöhl, ‘Die Vision eines europäischen Währungsraumes’, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 May 1988.

  29. 29.

    AAPD, 1987, vol. 1, doc. no. 78, Aufzeichnung des Vortragenden Legationsrates Schönfelder, 23 March 1987, 379–380.

  30. 30.

    AAPD, 1988, vol. 1, doc. no. 34, Aufzeichnung des Vortragenden Legationsrates 1. Klasse Schönfelder, 26 January 1988, 206–207.

  31. 31.

    ‘Wir müssen deshalb konkret auf die Schaffung der Währungsunion und einer europäischen Zentralbank hinarbeiten, die auch in der Logik eines europäischen Binnenmarktes liegen. Entscheidend ist, dass diese Währungsunion zu einer Stabilitätsgemeinschaft wird.“ Rede des Bundesministers Genscher am 20. Januar 1988 vor dem Europäischen Parlament in Straßburg’, in Bulletin des Presse-und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung, 22 November 1988.

  32. 32.

    Henry Krägenau and Wolfgang Wetter, Europäische Währungsunion. Vom Werner-Plan zum Vertrag von Maastricht. Analysen und Dokumentation (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1993), 310–312. See also: AAPD, 1988, vol. 1, doc. no. 15, 38.

  33. 33.

    Hans Tietmeyer, Herausforderung EURO. Wie es zum Euro kam und was er für Deutschlands Zukunft bedeutet (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 2005), 115–116.

  34. 34.

    Hans Tietmeyer, ‘Aktuelle Fragen der europäischen und internationalen Währungspolitik. Vortrag vor dem Förderkreis des Instituts für Wirtschaftspolitik an der Universität zu Köln am 24. Juni 1986’, in Hans Tietmeyer Währungsstabilität für Europa. Beiträge, Reden und Dokumente zur europäischen Währungsintegration aus vier Jahrzehnten (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1996), 197–203.

  35. 35.

    ‘The Nyborg Report: Monetary Committee of the European Communities: Strengthening the EMS. Report by the Chairman of the Monetary Committee to the Informal Meeting of the Finance Ministers at Nyborg on September 12, 1987’, in Tietmeyer, Währungsstabilität für Europa, 177–186.

  36. 36.

    AAPD, 1988, vol. 1, doc. No. 15, Ministergespräch bei Kohl, 14 January 1988, 83.

  37. 37.

    Tietmeyer, Herausforderung EURO, 116. See also Stoltenberg’s own account in: Gerhard Stoltenberg, Wendepunkte. Stationen deutscher Politik 1947–1990 (Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1997), 328–329, and the sceptical statement in the Cabinet in: AAPD, 1988, vol. 1, doc. No. 15, Ministergespräch bei Kohl, 14 January 1988, 83.

  38. 38.

    Wilfried Loth, ‘Helmut Kohl und die Währungsunion’, in Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Heft 4 (2013), 455–480; Wilfried Loth, ‘Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty’, Journal of European Integration History 19 (2013), 67–83; Wilfried Loth, ‘Between France and the Bundesbank. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Helmut Kohl and the Breakthrough of the Monetary Union’, in Reshaping Europe: Towards a Political, Economic and Monetary Union, 1984–1989, eds. Michael Gehler and Wilfried Loth (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2020), 331–346. For a detailed analysis on the basis of the Bundesbank archives, see Harold James, Making the European Monetary Union (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2012), 210.

  39. 39.

    Theo Waigel, Ehrlichkeit ist eine Währung. Erinnerungen (Berlin: Ullstein Verlag, 2019), 215–248.

  40. 40.

    Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community, 17 April 1989, at https://aei.pitt.edu/1007/1/monetary_delors.pdf (2 January 2020).

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Thiemeyer, G. (2023). Negotiating the New Europe: Germany. In: Di Donato, M., Pons, S. (eds) European Integration and the Global Financial Crisis. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06797-6_10

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