Legal and Regulatory Background

Harrington, Alexandra R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06182-0_2

Legal and Regulatory Background

Alexandra R. Harrington ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-7281³

Chapter
First Online: 19 June 2022

134 Accesses

Part of the Palgrave Studies in Environmental Transformation, Transition and Accountability book series (PSETTA)

Abstract

Simply viewing just transitions as originating in the nexus between workers’ rights and the shift from carbon and remaining fixed there, as has been advocated by some, is a dangerous practice that would remove a potentially powerful legal and regulatory tool from responses to a number of stressors to the continuation of established industries. Instead, the theoretical framework of this book demonstrates that, while paying homage to the foundational nexus from which just transitions emerged is critical to grasping it as a concept, this nexus is the beginning rather than the end. In this understanding, there are multiple facets of law, policy and economic factors which are integral and build upon each other to create a sophisticated tool for addressing current and evolving challenges. Placing an emphasis on the economic aspects of just transitions is obviously quite important, however, failing to take into account the social and socio-economic impacts and changes inherent in a durable application of just transitions risks a shallow version of the potential power of just transitions to affect long-term change. For these reasons, this chapter sets out parameters of the legal and regulatory background applicable to the development of just transitions in a largely carbon and labour nexus-oriented context. In doing so, the chapter charts the development of just transitions into an international tool that has been incorporated into hard and soft law commitments as well as a legal and regulatory tool in the European Union and throughout a number of States seeking to transition from entrenched industries in order to achieve net zero and decarbonisation commitments.

Keywords

Just transitions
Law
Regulation
Decarbonisation
Net zero
European Union Law
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Paris Agreement
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development Goals

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 119.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Peter Newell and Dustin Mulvaney, ‘The Political Economy of the ‘Just Transition’’, The Geographical Journal 179(2) (2013), 132–140; IHRB, Just Transitions for All: Business, Human Rights, and Climate Action (IHRB, 2020), 6; Just Transition Commission Scotland, Just Transitions: A Comparative Perspective (2020), 2.
2.
Todd E. Vachon and Jeremy Brecher, ‘Are Union Members More or Less Likey to Be Environmentalists: Some Evidence from Two National Surveys', Labor Studies Journal 41 (2016), 185; Bob Baugh and Jacob Rickert, ‘Good Green Jobs’, International Union Rights 17(1) (2010), 15; Brian Kohler, ‘Decent Jobs or Protection of the Environment?’, International Union Rights 17(1) (2010), 12.
3.
See Vachon & Brecher, supra note 2.
4.
See Ann M. Eisenberg, ‘Just Transitions’, Southern California Law Review 92 (2019), 273; Tonia Novitz, ‘Engagement with Sustainability at the International Labour Organization and Wider Implications for Collective Worker Voice’, International Labour Review 159 (2020), 463.
5.
Eisenberg, supra note 4.
6.
See ibid.
7.
European Commission, Impact Assessment Accompanying the Document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions: Stepping Up Europe’s 2030 Climate Ambition (COM(2020) 562 final, 2020), 17.
8.
Ibid.
9.
Ibid.
10.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
11.
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).
12.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1992).
13.
See ibid.; UNFCCC, supra note 10; UNCCD, supra note 11.
14.
UNFCCC, supra note 10 at preamble.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Ibid.
17.
Ibid. at art 3(1).
18.
Ibid. at art 4(1)(f).
19.
See Duncan French, ‘Developing States and International Environmental Law: The Importance of Differentiated Responsibilities’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49 (2000), 35.
20.
UNFCCC, supra note 10 at arts 7, 8, 16, 17.
21.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997).
22.
Ibid. at art 2(1)(a).
23.
Ibid. at art 10.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership-for-global-climate-action, accessed 10 February 2022; see also Kirsten E. H. Jenkins, Implementing Just Transition After COP24 (Climate Strategies, 2019).
26.
See Millennium Development Goals, https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/, accessed 10 February 2022.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Ibid. at target 1.B.
30.
Ibid. at target 2A.
31.
Ibid. at target 3A.
32.
Ibid. at target 7A.
33.
See Alexandra R. Harrington, International Law and Global Governance: Treaty Regimes and Sustainable Development Goals Implementation (Routledge, 2021).
34.
Ibid.
35.
See ibid.
36.
See ibid.
37.
See ibid.
38.
UN DESA, The 17 Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals, accessed 10 February 2022.
39.
SDG 1, targets 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1, accessed 10 February 2022.
40.
SDG, target 1.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1, accessed 10 February 2022.
41.
SDG 1, target 1.5, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1, accessed 10 February 2022.
42.
SDG 2, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2, accessed 10 February 2022.
43.
SDG 2, target 2.3, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2, accessed 10 February 2022.
44.
Ibid.
45.
SDG2, target 2.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2, accessed 10 February 2022.
46.
SDG 4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4, accessed 10 February 2022.
47.
SDG 4, target 4.3, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4, accessed 10 February 2022.
48.
SDG 4, target 4.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4, accessed 10 February 2022.
49.
SDG 4, target 4.6, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4, accessed 10 February 2002.
50.
SDG4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4, accessed 10 February 2022.
51.
SDG 5, target 5.5, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5, accessed 10 February 2022.
52.
SDG 5, target 5.6, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5, accessed 10 February 2022.
53.
SDG 10, target 10.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal10, accessed 10 February 2022.
54.
See SDG 7, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7, accessed 10 February 2022.
55.
SDG 7, target 7.1, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7, accessed 10 February 2022.
56.
SDG7, targets 7.2, 7.3, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7, accessed 10 February 2022. See also Oliver W. Johnson, et al., ‘Intersectionality and Energy Transitions: A Review of Gender, Social Equity and Low-Carbon Energy’, Energy Research & Social Science 70 (2020), 101774. For a discussion of the impacts of the SDGs on energy policy and the concept of community energy, see Annalisa Savaresi, ‘The Rise of Community Energy from Grassroots to Mainstream: The Role of Law and Policy’, Journal of Environmental Law 31 (2019), 487–510.
57.
SDG 8, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8 accessed 10 February 2020.
58.
Ibid.
59.
SDG8, target 8.9, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8, accessed 10 February 2022.
60.
SDG 8, target 8.6, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8, accessed 10 February 2022.
61.
See Nuna Zekic and Bas Rombouts, ‘Decent and Sustainable Work for the Future? The ILO Future of Work Centenary Initiative, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Evolution of the Meaning of Work’, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 24 (2020), 317. As has been noted, “Traditionally, labor law has not been concerned with the question whether work performed by workers is sustainable socially, environmentally, or even economically.” Ibid. at 322.
62.
See UNFCCC, Just Transition of the Workforce, and the Creation of Decent Work and Quality Jobs, https://unfccc.int/documents/226460, accessed 10 February 2022.
63.
See SDG 9, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9, accessed 10 February 2022.
64.
SDG 9, target 9.1, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9, accessed 10 February 2022.
65.
SDG 9, target 9.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9, accessed 10 February 2022.
66.
SDG 9, target 9.3, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9, accessed 10 February 2022.
67.
SDG 11, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11, accessed 10 February 2022.
68.
SDG 11, target 11.1, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11, accessed 10 February 2022.
69.
SDG 11, target 11.6, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11, accessed 10 February 2022.
70.
SDG 11, target 11.5, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11, accessed 10 February 2022.
71.
SDG 12, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12, accessed 10 February 2022.
72.
Ibid.
73.
SDG 13, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13, accessed 10 February 2022.
74.
SDG 14, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14, accessed 10 February 2022.
75.
SDG 15, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15, accessed 10 February 2022.
76.
SDG 13, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13, accessed 10 February 2022.
77.
SDG 13, targets 13.1, 13.2, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13, accessed 10 February 2022.
78.
SDG 14, target 14.4, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14, accessed 10 February 2022.
79.
SDG 14, target 14.5, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14, accessed 10 February 2022.
80.
SDG 15, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15, accessed 10 February 2022.
81.
International Labour Organisation, Outcome of the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Sustainable Development, Decent Work and Green Jobs (ILO, GB.325/POL/3, 2015).
82.
Ibid.
83.
Ibid. at art 19(d).
84.
Ibid. at art 19(e).
85.
Ibid. at art 20(1).
86.
Ibid. at art 21.
87.
See Bridget Lewis, ‘The Rights of Future Generations Within the Post-Paris Climate Regime’, Transnational Environmental Law 7(1) (2018), 69–87.
88.
See Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015) preamble.
89.
Ibid.
90.
Ibid.
91.
Ibid. at arts 3, 4.
92.
Ibid. at art 4.
93.
Ibid.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Ibid. at art 6.
96.
Ibid. at arts 6, 7.
97.
Ibid.
98.
Ibid. at art 7(5).
99.
Ibid. at art 8.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Ibid. at art 9.
102.
Ibid. at art 10.
103.
Ibid. at art 11.
104.
Ibid. at art 12.
105.
See generally ibid.
106.
See UNFCCC Cop 24, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/katowice-climate-change-conference-december-2018/sessions-of-negotiating-bodies/cop-24, accessed 10 February 2022; UNFCCC CoP 25, https://unfccc.int/cop25, accessed 10 February 2022; UNFCCC CoP 26, https://unfccc.int/conference/glasgow-climate-change-conference-october-november-2021, accessed 10 February 2022.
107.
See Katowice Outcome Documents, https://unfccc.int/documents/185180, accessed 10 February 2022; Harro van Asselt, Kati Kulovesi, and Michael Mehling, ‘Negotiating the Paris Rulebook’, Carbon & Climate Law Review 12(3) (2018), 173–183.
108.
Silesia Declaration on Solidarity and Just Transition, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwibyLKLo4D2AhVagFwKHbP4B3oQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.consilium.europa.eu%2Fdoc%2Fdocument%2FST-14545-2018-REV-1%2Fen%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw010tGyKImtWq_H7L0gZDkY, accessed 10 February 2022.
109.
Ibid. at preamble.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Ibid. at 2, 3.
112.
Ibid.
113.
Ibid. at 6.
114.
CoP26 Energy Transition Council, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-energy-transition-council-summary-statement, accessed 10 February 2022.
115.
Ibid.
116.
European Social Charter (1961) preamble.
117.
Ibid. at pt I.
118.
Ibid. at pt II art 1.
119.
Ibid. at pt II art 2.
120.
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000), https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamental-rights/your-rights-eu/eu-charter-fundamental-rights_en, accessed 10 February 2022.
121.
See ibid. at art 14.
122.
See ibid. at arts 23, 26.
123.
Ibid. at art 15.
124.
Ibid.at ch IV.
125.
Ibid. at art 37.
126.
See Treaty of Maastricht on European Union (1993), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Axy0026, accessed 10 February 2022.
127.
Ibid.
128.
See ibid.
129.
See ibid.
130.
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (Constitution Treaty) (2004).
131.
Ibid. at art I-3(3).
132.
See ibid. at art I-13.
133.
See ibid. at art I-14.
134.
Ibid. at art I-15.
135.
Ibid. at art I-17.
136.
Consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2012).
137.
Ibid. at 6.
138.
Ibid. at 9.
139.
Ibid. at 13.
140.
See ibid. at tit. III.
141.
Ibid. at tit. VI.
142.
Ibid. at tit. IX, art 145.
143.
See ibid. at tit. IX.
144.
Ibid. at tit. X art 151.
145.
See ibid. at art 153.
146.
See ibid. at tit. XII.
147.
Ibid. at art 166.
148.
See Ibid. at tit XIV.
149.
Ibid. at art 191(1).
150.
Ibid. at art 191(2), (3).
151.
Ibid. at tit XXI.
152.
Ibid. at tit XXII.
153.
European Green Deal, https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en, accessed 10 February 2022, 2.
154.
Ibid. at 2–3.
155.
Ibid. at 2.1.1; See also Ruven C. Fleming and Romain Mauger, ‘Green and Just? An Update on the ‘European Green Deal’’, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 8 (2021), 164–180 (emphasizing the ways in which Covid-19 and related impacts have required the EU to craft a more broadly based implementation plan for the EU Green Deal).
156.
EU Green Deal, supra note 152 at 2.1.1.
157.
See generally ibid.
158.
Ibid. at 2.1.3.
159.
Ibid. at 2.1.4.
160.
Ibid. at 2.1.5.
161.
Ibid. at 2.1.6.
162.
Ibid. at 2.1.7.
163.
Ibid. at 2.1.8.
164.
Ibid. at 2.2.1, 2.2.2.
165.
Ibid. at 2.1.2.
166.
See European Commission, Clean Energy Transition—Technologies and Innovations, Accompanying the Document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council (COM(2020) 953, 2020).
167.
Ibid.
168.
Ibid.
169.
Ibid. at 17–19.
170.
Ibid.
171.
Ibid. at 20.
172.
Ibid. at 21.
173.
Ibid. at 25–27.
174.
European Parliament, Briefing: Assessment of the Just Transition Fund Proposal (2020), 3.
175.
See ibid.
176.
See ibid.
177.
New Industrial Strategy for Europe (Industrial Strategy), https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-industrial-strategy_en#documents, accessed 10 February 2022, 1.
178.
Ibid. at 2.2.
179.
Ibid. at 2.3.
180.
Ibid. at 3.1.
181.
Ibid. at 3.6.
182.
See Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe (Hydrogen Strategy), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi0opmhqoD2AhWKYMAKHTXtA_IQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenergy%2Fsites%2Fener%2Ffiles%2Fhydrogen_strategy.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2iwcGeqPYL2Pv0qpM26cdq, accessed 10 February 2022, 1.
183.
Ibid.
184.
Ibid. at 2.
185.
Ibid.
186.
Ibid.
187.
Ibid. For a discussion of the need for the EU to transition in the transportation sector, see also Beatriz Perez de las Heras, ‘La Union Europea en la Transicion hacia la Neutralidad Climatica’, Revista Espanola de Decrecho Internacional 72 (2020), 117, 135.
188.
A Strong Social Europe for Just Transitions (2020), https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Strong+Social+Europe+, accessed 10 February 2022, 3.
189.
See generally ibid.
190.
Ibid. at 5.
191.
Youth for a Just Transition (2020), https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/guides/2021/youth-for-a-just-transition-a-toolkit-for-youth-participation-in-the-just-transition-fund, accessed 10 February 2022.
192.
Ibid.
193.
See ibid.
194.
See EU Strategy to Reduce Methane Emissions (2020), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjn19njq4D2AhUUi1wKHcL9DeoQFnoECBAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenergy%2Fsites%2Fener%2Ffiles%2Feu_methane_strategy.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0lZgL41GnkF51PQgIx7d-S, accessed 10 February 2020.
195.
Ibid.
196.
Ibid. at 2–3.
197.
See Ania Zbyszewska, ‘Labor Law for a Warming World? Exploring the Intersections of Work Regulation and Environmental Sustainability: An Introduction’, Comparative LaborLaw & Policy Journal 1 (2017).
198.
Ibid.
199.
European Climate Law (2021), https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/european-green-deal/european-climate-law_en, accessed 10 February 2022.
200.
See ibid. at preamble (11).
201.
Ibid. at art 5(4).
202.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Ireland (SWD(2020) 906 final, 2020), 3; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Finland (SWD(2020) 925 final, 2020); European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Estonia (SWD(2020) 905 final, 2020), 3.
203.
Ministry of Infrastructure, Sweden’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (2020), 7.
204.
Portugal, Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality of the Portuguese Economy by 2030 (2019), 27.
205.
Ibid. at 63.
206.
See Sweden, supra note 203 at 9–10.
207.
See European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Spain (SWD(2020) 908 final, 2020).
208.
See European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Sweden (SWD(2020) 926 final, 2020), 6.
209.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovenia (SWD(2020) 923 final, 2020), 3.
210.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Poland (SWD(2020) 920 final, 2020), 3.
211.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Czechia (SWD(2020) 902 final, 2020), 19.
212.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia (SWD(2020) 924 final, 2020), 3.
213.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of France (SWD(2020) 909 final, 2020), 3.
214.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Malta (SWD(2020) 917 final, 2020), 3.
215.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Greece (SWD(2020) 907 final, 2020), 13.
216.
See Sweden, supra note 208 at 2; Slovenia, supra note 209 at 2; Poland, supra note 210 at 2; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Latvia (SWD (2020) 903 final, 2020), 4.
217.
See Sweden, supra note 208 at 3; Slovenia, supra note 209 at 7; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Luxembourg (SWD(2020) 915 final (2020), 3; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Lithuania (SWD(2020) 914 final, 2020), 6; Latvia, supra note 216 at 6; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Hungary (SWD 2020) 916 final, 2020), 3; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Germany (SWD(2020) 904 final, 2020), 3; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Denmark (SWD(2020) 903 final, 2020), 6; European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Bulgaria (SWD(2020) 901 final, 2020), 3.
218.
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Croatia (SWD(2020) 910 final, 2020), 6.
219.
Latvia, Strategy of Latvia for the Achievement of Climate Neutrality by 2050 (2019), 12.
220.
Ibid. at 13.
221.
Ibid. at 23–24.
222.
Ibid. at 34.
223.
Netherlands, Long Term Strategy on Climate Mitigation (2019), 5–6.
224.
Ibid. at 6.
225.
Portugal, supra note 204.
226.
Ibid.
227.
Ibid. at 86.
228.
Ibid.
229.
Spain, Estrategia de Decarbinizacion a Largo Plazo 2050 (2020), 7.
230.
EBRD, Report of the Board of Directors to the Board of Governors: Strategic and Capital Framework 2021–25 (2020).
231.
Ibid.
232.
Ibid.
233.
Darryn Snell and Peter Fairbrother, ‘Toward a Theory of Union Environmental Politics: Unions and Climate Action in Australia’, Labor Studies Journal 83 (2011).
234.
Ibid.
235.
Ibid.
236.
Ibid.
237.
European Commission, Case Study: Latrobe Valley Authority, Australia (2019).
238.
Ibid. at 2.
239.
Ibid.
240.
Ibid. at 2–3.
241.
Australia, The Senate, Environmental and Communications Legislation Committee (2017), 2.
242.
Ibid. at 5–6.
243.
See generally Australia, The Senate, Final Report: Environmental and Communications Legislation Committee, Retirement of Coal Fired Power Stations (2017).
244.
Ibid. at 19–22.
245.
See generally Australia, The Senate, Environmental and Communications References Committee, Current and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Housing, Buildings and Infrastructure (2018).
246.
See Ibid. at ch 2.
247.
See generally ibid.
248.
Ibid. at ch 3.
249.
See ibid. at ch 4.
250.
European Commission, Case Study: Genk’s Ongoing Transition (2019), 1.
251.
Ibid. at 1.
252.
Ibid. at 2.
253.
Ibid.
254.
Ibid. at 2–3.
255.
Ibid. at 4.
256.
Ibid.
257.
Ibid. at 4.
See Environment and Climate Change Canada, Task Force on Just Transition for Canadian Coal Power Workers and Communities, Terms of Reference (2019), 1.
258.
Stockholm Environment Institute, Examining Risks of New Oil and Gas Production in Canada (2020), 4.
259.
Government of Canada, A Just and Fair Transition for Canadian Coal Power Workers and Communities (2018), 2.
260.
See ibid. at 4.
261.
See Environment and Climate Change Canada, Task Force on Just Transition, supra note 257.
262.
Canadian coal power workers, supra note 260.
263.
See ibid.
264.
Ibid.
265.
Lukas Lehotsky and Mikulas Cernik, ‘Brown Coal Mining in the Czech Republic—Lessons on the Coal Phase-Out’, International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs 28 (3/4) (2019), 45, 47.
266.
European Commission, RE:START-Strategy for Economic Restructuring of Czech Coal Regions (2019).
267.
Ibid.
268.
Lehotsky and Cernik, supra note 265 at 47.
269.
See ibid. at 48–49.
270.
See ibid. at 49.
271.
See Marie Shaikocki and Andrea Broughton, Employment Creation Opportunities and Future Skills Requirements in the Karlovy Vary Region (EC, 2020) pt I at 8–9.
272.
Ibid. at pt I at 5.
273.
Ibid. at pt I at 7.
274.
Ibid. at pt I at 5.
275.
Ibid. at pt I at 10–11.
276.
See ibid. at pt I at 12.
277.
See UNESCO, Lewarde (Nord) Fosse Dollye, Centre Historique Minier, https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/176688, accessed 10 February 2022.
278.
European Commission, Case Study: The Lewarde Mining History Centre (2019), 1–2.
279.
Ibid. at 2.
280.
Ibid.
281.
See Germany, Energiewende (2016); Stefan Bößner, Turning Energy Around:: Coal and the German Energiewende (SEI, 2016).
282.
See Bößner, supra note 281.
283.
Germany 2020 Energy Policy Review (2020), 14–15.
284.
Ibid. at 15.
285.
Just Transition Commission Scotland, Just Transitions: A Comparative Perspective (2020), 37; Alexander Reitzenstein, A Climate for Ambition? Germany’s Commission for ‘Growth, Structural Change, and Employment’ and Its Mandate to Phase Out Coal (E3G, 2018); Alexandere Reitzenstein and Rebekka Popp, The German Coal Commission—A Role Model for Transformative Change? (E3G, 2019).
286.
Reitzenstein, supra note 385 at 2.
287.
Just Transitions: A Comparative Perspective, supra note 285 at 37.
288.
Ibid. at 38.
289.
Ibid.
290.
European Commission, Case Study: InnovationCity Ruhr: Model City Bottrop (2019), 1.
291.
J. Minji Cha, ‘A Just Transition: Why Transitioning Workers into a New Clean Energy Economy Should Be at the Center of Climate Change Policies’, Fordham Environmental Law Review 29(2) (2017), 196, 211.
292.
InnovationCity Ruhr, supra note 290 at 1.
293.
Ibid. at 2.
294.
Ibid.
295.
Ibid. at 3; see also Cha, supra note 291 at 211–215.
296.
European Commission, Case Study: Regional Development Agency Rhenish Lignite Mining Area (2019), 1–2.
297.
Ibid. at 3–4.
298.
See ibid. at 3.
299.
European Commission, Case Study: Transforming the Lignite-Fired Matra Power Plant into Part of a Renewable Energy Cluster (2019), 1.
300.
Ibid. at 2.
301.
Ibid.
302.
Ibid. at 2–3.
303.
Ibid. at 3.
304.
European Commission, Regional Profile: Midlands, Ireland (2019), 2.
305.
Ibid.
306.
Ibid. at 4.
307.
Ibid. at 6; Andrea Broughton and Paul Dowling, Future Employment and Skills in the Irish Midlands (EC, 2020), 3.
308.
Regional Profile: Midlands, Ireland at 8.
309.
Ibid. at 9.
310.
Ibid.
311.
Ibid. at 12.
312.
See Broughton and Dowling, supra note 307 at 7.
313.
See European Commission, Midlands Engagement Process (2020), 2.
314.
Ibid. at 2.
315.
Broughton and Dowling, supra note 307 at 4.
316.
Ibid.
317.
European Commission, Midlands Pathway to Transition (2020), 3.
318.
Ibid.
319.
Ibid. at 4.
320.
European Commission, Regional Profile: Silesia (2019), 6.
321.
Ibid.
322.
Ibid. at 7.
323.
See WB 132,871 at 1.
324.
Ibid. at 4.
325.
Ibid. at 31.
326.
Ibid. at 31–32.
327.
Ibid.
328.
Ibid. at 34.
329.
Regional profile: Silesia, supra note 320 at 5.
330.
Ibid. at 5.
331.
Ibid. at 2, 6.
332.
Ibid. at 5.
333.
Ibid.
334.
Ibid. at 6–7.
335.
Ibid. at 6.
336.
Ibid. at 7.
337.
Ibid.
338.
Ibid.
339.
Ibid.
340.
Ibid.
341.
Ibid.
342.
European Commission, Case Study: Walbryzch Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” Poland (2019), 1–2.
343.
Chris Littlecott, UK Coal Phase Out: The International Context (E3G, 2016).
344.
Alice Garvey and Peter Taylor, Industrial Decarbonization Policies for a UK Net Zero Target (Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions, Oxford, 2020).
345.
Ibid. at 1.
346.
Ibid.
347.
Ibid. at 18.
348.
Ibid. at 42–43.
349.
Ibid. at 46–50; see also Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Pathways to Deep Decarbonisation in the United Kingdom (2015).
350.
See Her Majesty’s Government, Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution (2020), 7.
351.
Ibid.
352.
See Joshua Emden and Luke Murphy, A Just Transition, The Need for Long-Term Policy Certainty in the Energy Sector: Realising the Opportunities of Decarbonisation in the North of England (IIPR, 2019), 15.
353.
See ibid.
354.
See ibid.
355.
See ibid. at 25–27.
356.
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Aligning UK International Support for the Clean Energy Transition (UK Government, 2021), 1.
357.
Ibid.
358.
Ibid. at 4.
359.
Committee on Climate Change, Hydrogen in a Low Carbon Economy (UK Government, 2018).
360.
Ibid. at 7–8.
361.
European Commission, Case Study: Oil & Gas Transition Training Fun, Scotland (2019).
362.
Ewan Gibbs, Coal Country (University of London Press, 2021), 225.
363.
Ibid. at 225–226.
364.
Ibid. at 226.
365.
Ibid. at 226–233.
366.
Case Study: Oil & Gas Transition Training Fun, Scotland, supra note 361.
367.
Ibid. at 2.
368.
Ibid.
369.
Ibid.
370.
Fair Work Convention Scotland, Fair Work Convention Framework (2018), 5.
371.
Ibid. at 7.
372.
Committee on Climate Change, Scottish Unconventional Oil and Gas (UK Government, 2016), 16–17.
373.
Ibid. at 18.
374.
Committee on Climate Change, Advice Report: The Path to a Net Zero Wales (UK Government, 2020).
375.
Committee on Climate Change, Progress Report: Reducing Emissions in Wales (UK Government, 2020), 15.
376.
Advice Report: The path to a Net Zero Wales, supra note 374 at 16.
377.
Ibid. at 18–19.
378.
Ibid. at 19.
379.
Committee on Climate Change, Reducing emissions in Northern Ireland (UK Government, 2019), 9.
380.
Ibid.
381.
Ibid.
382.
Ibid. at 13.
383.
See Shelley Welton and Joel Eisen, ‘Clean Energy Justice: Charting an Emerging Energy Agenda’ Harvard Environmental Law Review 43 (2019), 307.
384.
See ibid.
385.
See ibid.
386.
Nicholas Bryner, ‘The Green New Deal and Green Transitions’, Vermont Law Review 44 (2020), 723.
387.
Ibid.; See Jonas J. Monast, ‘The Ends and Means of Decarbonisation’ Environmental Law Review 50(1) (2020), 21.
388.
See Bryner, supra note 386 at 726; Monast, supra note 387.
389.
See Bryner, supra note 386 at 726–727; Monast, supra note 387.
390.
Ibid.; HR 109 (2019), 5–6.
391.
See Monast, supra note 387.
392.
LeadIt, To Decarbonize US Industry, Look to Federal and State-Level Partnerships (2018), 3.
393.
Ibid.
394.
For a discussion of this dichotomy, see Alice Kaswan, ‘A Broader Vision for Climate Policy: Lessons from California’, San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy Law 9 (2017–2018), 83.
395.
See ibid.; Alice Kaswan, ‘Energy, Governance, and Market Mechanisms’ University of Miami Law Review 72 (2018), 476, 515–517; Alexandra B. Klass, ‘Eminent Domain Law as Climate Policy’, 2020 Wisconsin Law Review 49 (2020).
396.
See Kaswan, supra note 394; Monast, supra note 387.
397.
See Kaswan, supra note 394.
398.
Kaswan, supra note 394.
399.
Ibid.
400.
Ibid.
401.
See generally ibid.
402.
See Klass, supra note 395.
403.
See ibid.
404.
See Shelley Welton, ‘Electricity Markets and the Social Project of Decarbonization’, Columbia Law Review 118(4) (2018), 1067.
405.
See ibid.
406.
Ibid.
407.
Ibid.
408.
Ibid. at 838.
409.
See ibid. at 912–913.
410.
Colorado, CO 8-83-503 (2022).
411.
Colorado, CO 8-83-503 (3) (2022).
412.
Colorado, CO 8-83-503 (6) (2022).
413.
See New Jersey Executive Order No 221 (2021).
414.
Ibid. at para 1.
415.
Ibid. at 13(c).
416.
See New York Environmental Conservation Law 75-0103 (McKinneys 2022).
417.
Ibid.
418.
Vermont, 10 VSA 591 (2022).
419.
California HB Bill 1453 (2021).
420.
Ibid.
421.
California SB Bill 680 (2021).
422.
See Colorado HB Bill 1290 (2021).
423.
Massachusetts HB Bill 2246 (2021).
424.
Rhode Island HB Bill 5674 (2021).
425.
Ibid.
426.
Texas HB Bill 3894 (2021).
427.
Ibid.
428.
Hawaii Joint Res 55 (2021).
429.
Ibid.
430.
For an in-depth discussion of these potential impacts across the pillars of sustainability, see Zbyszewska, supra note 197.

References

A Strong Social Europe for Just Transitions (2020).
Google Scholar
Alexander Reitzenstein, A Climate for Ambition? Germany’s Commission for ‘Growth, Structural Change, and Employment’ and Its Mandate to Phase Out Coal (E3G, 2018).
Google Scholar
Alexandere Reitzenstein and Rebekka Popp, The German Coal Commission—A Role Model for Transformative Change? (E3G, 2019).
Google Scholar
Alexandra B. Klass, ‘Eminent Domain Law as Climate Policy’, 2020 Wisconsin Law Review 49 (2020).
Google Scholar
Alexandra R. Harrington, International Law and Global Governance: Treaty Regimes and Sustainable Development Goals Implementation (Routledge, 2021).
Google Scholar
Alice Kaswan, ‘A Broader Vision for Climate Policy: Lessons from California’, San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy Law 9 (2017–2018), 83.
Google Scholar
Alice Kaswan, ‘Energy, Governance, and Market Mechanisms’, University of Miami Law Review 72 (2018), 476.
Google Scholar
Andrea Broughton and Paul Dowling, Future Employment and Skills in the Irish Midlands (EC, 2020).
Google Scholar
Ania Zbyszewska, ‘Labor Law for a Warming World? Exploring the Intersections of Work Regulation and Environmental Sustainability: An Introduction’, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 1 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ann M. Eisenberg, ‘Just Transitions’, Southern California Law Review 92 (2019), 273.
Google Scholar
Annalisa Savaresi, ‘The Rise of Community Energy from Grassroots to Mainstream: The Role of Law and Policy’ Journal of Environmental Law 31 (2019).
Google Scholar
Australia, The Senate, Environmental and Communications Legislation Committee (2017).
Google Scholar
Australia, The Senate, Final Report: Environmental and Communications Legislation Committee, Retirement of Coal Fired Power Stations (2017).
Google Scholar
Australia, The Senate, Environmental and Communications References Committee, Current and Future Impacts of Climate Change on Housing, Buildings and Infrastructure (2018).
Google Scholar
Beatriz Perez de las Heras, ‘La Union Europea en la Transicion hacia la Neutralidad Climatica’, Revista Espanola de Decrecho Internacional 72 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bob Baugh and Jacob Rickert, ‘Good Green Jobs’, International Union Rights 17(1) (2010).
Google Scholar
Brian Kohler, ‘Decent Jobs or Protection of the Environment?’, International Union Rights 17(1) (2010).
Google Scholar
Bridget Lewis, ‘The Rights of Future Generations Within the Post-Paris Climate Regime’, Transnational Environmental Law 7(1) (2018), 69–87.
Google Scholar
California HB Bill 1453 (2021).
Google Scholar
California SB Bill 680 (2021).
Google Scholar
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000).
Google Scholar
Chris Littlecott, UK Coal Phase Out: The International Context (E3G, 2016).
Google Scholar
Colorado HB Bill 1290 (2021).
Google Scholar
Colorado, CO 8-83-503 (2022).
Google Scholar
Colorado, CO 8-83-503(3) (2022).
Google Scholar
Colorado, CO 8–83-503(6) (2022).
Google Scholar
Committee on Climate Change, Scottish Unconventional Oil and Gas (UK Government, 2016).
Google Scholar
Committee on Climate Change, Hydrogen in a Low Carbon Economy (UK Government, 2018).
Google Scholar
Committee on Climate Change, Reducing Emissions in Northern Ireland (UK Government, 2019).
Google Scholar
Committee on Climate Change, Advice Report: The Path to a Net Zero Wales (UK Government, 2020).
Google Scholar
Committee on Climate Change, Progress Report: Reducing Emissions in Wales (UK Government, 2020).
Google Scholar
Consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (2012).
Google Scholar
CoP26 Energy Transition Council, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cop26-energy-transition-council-summary-statement, accessed 10 February 2022.
Darryn Snell and Peter Fairbrother, ‘Toward a Theory of Union Environmental Politics: Unions and Climate Action in Australia’, Labor Studies Journal 83 (2011).
Google Scholar
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Aligning UK International Support for the Clean Energy Transition (UK Government, 2021).
Google Scholar
Duncan French, ‘Developing States and International Environmental Law: The Importance of Differentiated Responsibilities’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49 (2000), 35.
Google Scholar
EBRD, Report of the Board of Directors to the Board of Governors: Strategic and Capital Framework 2021–25 (2020).
Google Scholar
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Task Force on Just Transition for Canadian Coal Power Workers and Communities, Terms of Reference (2019).
Google Scholar
EU Strategy to Reduce Methane Emissions (2020).
Google Scholar
European Climate Law (2021).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Bulgaria (SWD(2020) 901 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Croatia (SWD(2020) 910 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Czechia (SWD(2020) 902 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Denmark (SWD(2020) 903 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Estonia (SWD(2020) 905 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Finland (SWD(2020) 925 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of France (SWD(2020) 909 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Germany (SWD(2020) 904 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Greece (SWD(2020) 907 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Hungary (SWD 2020) 916 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Ireland (SWD(2020) 906 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Latvia (SWD (2020) 903 final, 2020.
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Lithuania (SWD(2020) 914 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Luxembourg (SWD(2020) 915 final (2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Malta (SWD(2020) 917 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Poland (SWD(2020) 920 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia ((SWD(2020) 924 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovenia (SWD(2020) 923 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Spain (SWD(2020) 908 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Assessment of the Final National Energy and Climate Plan of Sweden (SWD(2020) 926 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: Genk’s Ongoing Transition (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: InnovationCity Ruhr: Model City Bottrop (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: Latrobe Valley Authority, Australia (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case study: Oil & Gas Transition Training Fun, Scotland (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: Regional Development Agency Rhenish Lignite Mining Area (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: The Lewarde Mining History Centre (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: Transforming the Lignite-Fired Matra Power Plant into Part of a Renewable Energy Cluster (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Case Study: Walbryzch Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” Poland (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Clean Energy Transition—Technologies and Innovations, Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council (COM(2020) 953, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Impact Assessment Accompanying the Document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee of the Regions: Stepping Up Europe’s 2030 Climate Ambition (COM(2020) 562 final, 2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Midlands Engagement Process (2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Midlands Pathway to Transition (2020).
Google Scholar
European Commission, RE:START-Strategy for Economic Restructuring of Czech Coal Regions (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Regional Profile: Midlands, Ireland (2019).
Google Scholar
European Commission, Regional Profile: Silesia (2019).
Google Scholar
European Green Deal, https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en, accessed 10 February 2022.
European Parliament, Briefing: Assessment of the Just Transition Fund Proposal (2020).
Google Scholar
European Social Charter (1961).
Google Scholar
Ewan Gibbs, Coal Country (University of London Press, 2021).
Google Scholar
Fair Work Convention Scotland, Fair Work Convention Framework (2018).
Google Scholar
Germany 2020 Energy Policy Review (2020).
Google Scholar
Germany, Energiewende (2016).
Google Scholar
Government of Canada, A Just and Fair Transition for Canadian Coal Power Workers and Communities (2018).
Google Scholar
Harro van Asselt, Kati Kulovesi, and Michael Mehling, ‘Negotiating the Paris Rulebook’, Carbon & Climate Law Review 12(3) (2018), 173–183.
Google Scholar
Hawaii Joint Res 55 (2021).
Google Scholar
Her Majesty’s Government, Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution (2020).
Google Scholar
Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe (Hydrogen Strategy), https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi0opmhqoD2AhWKYMAKHTXtA_IQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenergy%2Fsites%2Fener%2Ffiles%2Fhydrogen_strategy.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2iwcGeqPYL2Pv0qpM26cdq, accessed 10 February 2022, 1.
IHRB, Just Transitions for All: Business, Human Rights, and Climate Action (IHRB, 2020), 6.
Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation, Outcome of the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Sustainable Development, Decent Work and Green Jobs (ILO, GB.325/POL/3, 2015).
Google Scholar
J. Minji Cha, ‘A Just Transition: Why Transitioning Workers into a New Clean Energy Economy Should Be at the Center of Climate Change Policies’, Fordham Environmental Law Review 29(2) (2017).
Google Scholar
Jonas J. Monast, ‘The Ends and Means of Decarbonisation’, Environmental Law Review 50(1) (2020).
Google Scholar
Joshua Emden and Luke Murphy, A Just Transition, The Need for Long-Term Policy Certainty in the Energy Sector: Realising the Opportunities of Decarbonisation in the North of England (IIPR, 2019).
Google Scholar
Just Transition Commission Scotland, Just Transitions: A Comparative Perspective (2020).
Google Scholar
Katowice Outcome Documents, https://unfccc.int/documents/185180, accessed 10 February 2022.
Kirsten E. H. Jenkins, Implementing Just Transition After COP24 (Climate Strategies, 2019).
Google Scholar
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997).
Google Scholar
Latvia, Strategy of Latvia for the Achievement of Climate Neutrality by 2050 (2019).
Google Scholar
LeadIt, To Decarbonize US Industry, Look to Federal and State-Level Partnerships (2018).
Google Scholar
Lukas Lehotsky and Mikulas Cernik, ‘Brown Coal Mining in the Czech Republic—Lessons on the Coal Phase-Out’, International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs 28 (3/4) (2019), 45.
Google Scholar
Marie Shaikocki and Andrea Broughton, Employment Creation Opportunities and Future Skills Requirements in the Karlovy Vary Region (EC, 2020).
Google Scholar
Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action, https://unfccc.int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership-for-global-climate-action, accessed 10 February 2022.
Massachusetts HB Bill 2246 (2021).
Google Scholar
Millennium Development Goals, https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/, accessed 10 February 2022.
Ministry of Infrastructure, Sweden’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (2020).
Google Scholar
New Industrial Strategy for Europe (Industrial Strategy).
Google Scholar
New Jersey Executive Order No 221 (2021).
Google Scholar
New York Environmental Conservation Law 75-0103 (McKinneys 2022).
Google Scholar
Nicholas Bryner, ‘The Green New Deal and Green Transitions’, Vermont Law Review 44 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nuna Zekic and Bas Rombouts, ‘Decent and Sustainable Work for the Future? The ILO Future of Work Centenary Initiative, the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Evolution of the Meaning of Work’, UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 24 (2020).
Google Scholar
Oliver W. Johnson, et al., ‘Intersectionality and Energy Transitions: A Review of Gender, Social Equity and Low-Carbon Energy’, Energy Research & Social Science 70 (2020), 101774.
Google Scholar
Peter Newell and Dustin Mulvaney, ‘The Political Economy of the ‘Just Transition', The Geographical Journal 179(2) (2013), 132–140.
Google Scholar
Portugal, Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality of the Portuguese Economy by 2030 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rhode Island HB Bill 5674 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ruven C. Fleming and Romain Mauger, ‘Green and Just? An Update on the ‘European Green Deal’’, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 8 (2021), 164–180.
Google Scholar
Shelley Welton, ‘Electricity Markets and the Social Project of Decarbonization’, Columbia Law Review 118(4) (2018).
Google Scholar
Shelley Welton and Joel Eisen, ‘Clean Energy Justice: Charting an Emerging Energy Agenda’, Harvard Environmental Law Review 43 (2019).
Google Scholar
Silesia Declaration on Solidarity and Just Transition, https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwibyLKLo4D2AhVagFwKHbP4B3oQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.consilium.europa.eu%2Fdoc%2Fdocument%2FST-14545-2018-REV-1%2Fen%2Fpdf&usg=AOvVaw010tGyKImtWq_H7L0gZDkY, accessed 10 February 2022.
Spain, Estrategia de Decarbinizacion a Largo Plazo 2050 (2020).
Google Scholar
Stefan Bößner, Turning Energy Around: Coal and the German Energiewende (SEI, 2016).
Google Scholar
Stockholm Environment Institute, Examining Risks of New Oil and Gas Production in Canada (2020).
Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Pathways to Deep Decarbonisation in the United Kingdom (2015).
Google Scholar
Texas HB Bill 3894 (2021).
Google Scholar
Todd E. Vachon and Jeremy Brecher, ‘Are Union Members More or less Likely to Be Environmentalists: Some Evidence from Two National Surveys’, Labor Studies Journal 41 (2016), 185.
Google Scholar
Tonia Novitz, ‘Engagement with Sustainability at the International Labour Organization and Wider Implications for Collective Worker Voice’, International Labour Review 159 (2020), 463.
Google Scholar
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (Constitution Treaty) (2004).
Google Scholar
Treaty of Maastricht on European Union (1993).
Google Scholar
UN DESA, The 17 Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals, accessed 10 February 2022.
UNFCCC Cop 24, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/katowice-climate-change-conference-december-2018/sessions-of-negotiating-bodies/cop-24, accessed 10 February 2022.
UNFCCC CoP 25, https://unfccc.int/cop25, accessed 10 February 2022.
UNFCCC CoP 26, https://unfccc.int/conference/glasgow-climate-change-conference-october-november-2021, accessed 10 February 2022.
UNFCCC, Just Transition of the Workforce, and the Creation of Decent Work and Quality Jobs, https://unfccc.int/documents/226460, accessed 10 February 2022.
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992).
Google Scholar
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1992).
Google Scholar
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
Google Scholar
Vermont, 10 VSA 591 (2022).
Google Scholar
Youth for a just transition (2020), https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/guides/2021/youth-for-a-just-transition-a-toolkit-for-youth-participation-in-the-just-transition-fund, accessed 10 February 2022.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Lancaster University Law School, Bailrigg, UK
Alexandra R. Harrington

Authors

Alexandra R. Harrington
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra R. Harrington .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harrington, A.R. (2022). Legal and Regulatory Background. In: Just Transitions and the Future of Law and Regulation. Palgrave Studies in Environmental Transformation, Transition and Accountability. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06182-0_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06182-0_2
Published: 19 June 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-06181-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-06182-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)