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Virtuous Autonomy and Its Explanatory Role in Turkish Activism

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Abstract

In 2013, democratic activists in Türkiye occupied Gezi Park in opposition to elites who sought to destroy it in pursuit of private economic interest. We argue that the Gezi protests and movements like them can be understood in part through the lens of competing conceptions of autonomy, and in particular in terms of the opposition of Kantian and virtue theoretic accounts of autonomy. The capacity for autonomy has long been thought to ground human rights, but autonomy admits of different definitions, some of which provide stronger and more insightful grounds for human rights than others. In our chapter we contrast Kantian and virtue theoretic conceptions of autonomy, including autonomy understood as an intellectual virtue. For Kant, humans have dignity precisely on account of autonomy, and autonomy is grounded in our nature as free agents exercising practical reason. Autonomy is conceived as a basic capacity, unformed and unformable. In contrast, virtuous autonomy is linked to flourishing and is a basic capacity that requires development in connection with identity and emotion. Not only does virtuous autonomy better ground human rights, it more accurately accounts for the values of both secular and religious Gezi Park protesters.

We gratefully acknowledge funding for work on this chapter from the Self, Virtue, and Public Life Project at the University of Oklahoma with generous support from the Templeton Religion Trust. The opinions expressed herein are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Templeton Religion Trust.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Our argument here parallels the argumentative approach to capabilities as a cross-cultural concept, developed in much more detail by Amartya Sen (1999, 2009) and Martha Nussbaum (2007).

  2. 2.

    A linguistic parallel exists in Turkish, where the common term for morality, ahlak, also connotes disposition, habit, or character. Ahlak is Arabic in origin, and we note a shared historical influence of Aristotle through Avicenna and the subsequent Islamic philosophical tradition. See Zargar 2017, chapter 2.

  3. 3.

    An important exception being Herman 2007, chapter 5.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA

    Gregory R. Peterson

  2. Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Güneş Sevinç

  3. Scripps College, Claremont, CA, USA

    Michael L. Spezio

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  1. Gregory R. Peterson
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  1. School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA

    Gregory R. Peterson

  2. School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA

    Michael C. Berhow

  3. School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA

    George Tsakiridis

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Peterson, G.R., Sevinç, G., Spezio, M.L. (2022). Virtuous Autonomy and Its Explanatory Role in Turkish Activism. In: Peterson, G.R., Berhow, M.C., Tsakiridis, G. (eds) Engaging Populism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05785-4_12

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