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International Liaison and the 1984 Olympic Games

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International Security and the Olympic Games, 1972–2020

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics ((PASSP))

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Abstract

Following Juan Antonio Samaranch’s election to the presidency of the IOC, a former Indian policeman and IOC member named Ashwini Kumar focused Samaranch’s attention on the need for a more effective IOC presence with security for the Games. This chapter traces Kumar’s ideas and argument that he makes to Samaranch and examines how he implemented these ideas ahead of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles and Sarajevo. One of Kumar’s ideas was for the IOC to serve as a liaison between Olympic Organizing Committees and national government and the 1984 Winter Olympic Games in Sarajevo provide a perfect example of how he envisioned this system working.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Miller, Olympic Revolution, 4.

  2. 2.

    Miller, Olympic Revolution, 5. For one example, see Matthew P. Llewellyn and Robert J. Lake, ““The Old Days of Amateurism Are Over”: The Samaranch Revolution and the Return of Olympic Tennis,” Sport in History 37, no. 4 (2017): 423–447.

  3. 3.

    Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Los Angeles, February 23rd–24th, 1981, IOCL, 8.

  4. 4.

    Letter from Monique Berlioux to Cornelis Kerdel, 11 April 1983, Sécurité aux JO: rapport et correspondance: 1981–1985: Folder: Correspondance 1983, IOCL.

  5. 5.

    “Ashwini Kumar,” Biography, cuttings, and writings of Ashwini Kumar, Folder: Biographie, IOCL.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.; Sankar Sen, ed., Reflection and Reminiscences of Police Officers (New Delhi: Ashok Kumar Mittal Concept Publishing Company, 2006), 9.

  7. 7.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, 29 April 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance, Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  8. 8.

    The full report is attached to a letter Kumar sent to Samaranch. Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, 27 May 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance, Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  9. 9.

    Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, May 31st–June 2nd, 1983, IOCL, 39.

  10. 10.

    Letter from Juan Antonio Samaranch to Ashwini Kumar, June 13, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance, Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  11. 11.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, July 1, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983, Folder: juillet–decembre, IOCL.

  12. 12.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, July 1, 1983.

  13. 13.

    David Charters, “Terrorism and the 1984 Olympics,” Conflict Quarterly 3, no. 4 (1983): 37.

  14. 14.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, August 29, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983: Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  15. 15.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, September 12, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983: Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  16. 16.

    “Protection: Chairman of International Olympic Committees,” Sécurité aux Jeux Olympiques: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL. An account of the Black September assassination can be found in John K. Cooley, Green March, Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2015), 123. Jerrold M. Post provides a brief history of the IRA during this era in The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 48–51.

  17. 17.

    Sarantakes, Dropping the Torch, 15.

  18. 18.

    Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, November 30th–December 1st, 1984, IOCL, 16; “Protection: Chairman of International Olympic Committees,” Sécurité aux Jeux Olympiques: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL.

  19. 19.

    “Protection: Chairman of International Olympic Committees,” Sécurité aux Jeux Olympiques: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL.

  20. 20.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, September 12, 1983.

  21. 21.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, September 12, 1983.

  22. 22.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, September 12, 1983.

  23. 23.

    See “Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), aka Fatah Revolutionary Council, the Arab Revolutionary Brigades, or the Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims,” cfr.org. Accessed October 30, 2017. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/abu-nidal-organization-ano-aka-fatah-revolutionary-council-arab-revolutionary-brigades. For more on Abu-Nidal, see Yossi Melman, The Master Terrorist: The True Story of Abu-Nidal (New York: Adama Books, 1987).

  24. 24.

    “European Review,” March 28, 1986, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP87T00289R000200650001-6.

  25. 25.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, September 12, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983: Folder: janvier–juin 1983, IOCL.

  26. 26.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident,” February 1, 1984, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00287R001101290001-9.

  27. 27.

    “Known Terrorist Groups,” Sécurité aux Jeux Olympiques: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, 4, IOCL. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, research revealed that the Red Army Faction received support from East Germany’s State Security, or Stasi. See John Schmeidel, “My Enemy’s Enemy: Twenty Years of Co‐operation between West Germany’s Red Army Faction and the GDR Ministry for State Security,” Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 59–72.

  28. 28.

    “Report on the XIVth Winter Olympic Games at Sarajevo,” Folder: Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1984, File: Correspondance 1984, janvier–avril, IOCL.

  29. 29.

    “Security,” February 1, 1984, Folder: Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1984, File: Correspondance 1984, janvier–avril, IOCL.

  30. 30.

    Letter from John K. Hill to Michael Deaver, 4 January 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver memos] (11/8/1983–01/15/1984), RRPL.

  31. 31.

    Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, November 24th–25th, 1983, IOCL, 44.

  32. 32.

    “Threat Assessment of Terrorism in the USA,” Folder Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL, 17.

  33. 33.

    The Global Terrorism Database provides a list of terrorist attacks from 1970 to the present day. The database lists 489 terrorist incidents in 1972 while in 1983 there were 2,810 attacks reported. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). (2017). Global Terrorism Database [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd.

  34. 34.

    Quote found in “Threat Assessment of Terrorism in the USA,” Folder Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL, 15.

  35. 35.

    Ashwini Kumar, “Terror Report,” Sécurité aux Jeux Olympiques: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: rapport le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL.

  36. 36.

    Ashwini Kumar, “Terror Report.”

  37. 37.

    Ashwini Kumar, “Terror Report.”

  38. 38.

    Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, November 24th–25th, 1983, IOCL, 44.

  39. 39.

    Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, November 24th–25th, 44.

  40. 40.

    Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, November 24th–25th, 44.

  41. 41.

    Another member identified as “Norman Antkol M F/T” traveled with the team. Extensive research could not locate any information on Antkol. “Security Cooperation with Yugoslavia in Connection with XIV Olympic Games,” December 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 2, Folder: Yugoslavia 1984 Winter Games, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (hereafter RRPL); Message from AMEMBASSY BELGRADE to SECSTATE WASHDC, February 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 2, Folder: Yugoslavia 1984 Winter Games, RRPL.

  42. 42.

    Letter from John K. Hill to Michael Deaver, January 4, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver memos] (11/8/1983–01/15/1984), RRPL.

  43. 43.

    Letter from John K. Hill to Michael Deaver, January 4, 1984. Nathaniel Sheppard Jr., “Arrest of 9 in Terrorist Group Brings Uneasy Calm to Croatian-Americans,” New York Times, July 23, 1981. A CIA intelligence report identified several potentially threatening Croatian nationalist groups. “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident,” February 1, 1984, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA RDP85T00287R001101290001-9.

  44. 44.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident.”

  45. 45.

    Pete Fussey et al., Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City.

  46. 46.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident.”

  47. 47.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident,” February 1, 1984, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP85T00287R001101290001-9.

  48. 48.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident”; Quote found in Hal Piper, “Winter Olympics Couldn’t Be Snowed Out–Could They?,” Los Angeles Times, August 31, 1983.

  49. 49.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident.” The reference is to Ayatollah Khomeini who became the leader of Iran following the 1979 Revolution.

  50. 50.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident.” The latest and best account of the Armenian Genocide is Ronald G. Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”: A History of the Armenian Genocide (Princeton University Press, 2015).

  51. 51.

    “The Sarajevo Winter Olympics: Prospect for a Terrorist Incident.”

  52. 52.

    The writer of this telegram was most likely a CIA employee. According to the document, “EUR/EEY: DPOZORSKI” drafted the telegram while “EUR/EEY: RECOMBS” finalized the draft. Similar code names are seen within CIA correspondence regarding Eastern Europe. See, “CIA Analysis of Trends in Eastern Europe,” April 14, 1984, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP86M00886R002300220013-2.

  53. 53.

    “Security Cooperation with Yugoslavia in Connection with XIV Olympic Games,” December 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 2, Folder: Yugoslavia 1984 Winter Games, RRPL.

  54. 54.

    Memorandum for Chairman, DCI Security Committee (SECOM), September 1, 1983, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP96M01138R001200040023-8; Memorandum for Chairman, DCI Security Committee, August 3, 1983, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP96M01138R001200040025-6.

  55. 55.

    Memorandum for Chairman, DCI Security Committee (SECOM), September 1, 1983.

  56. 56.

    The Department of Homeland Security describes SCI as “classified information concerning, or derived from, intelligence sources, methods, or analytical processes requiring handling within formal access control systems established by the Director Central Intelligence (DCI).” Quote found in “Sensitive Compartmented Information Program Management,” Dhs.gov. Accessed September 6, 2017. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/foia/mgmt_directive_11043_sensitive_compartmented_information_program_management.pdf; A further, more in-depth description of compartmented intelligence is found in Michael A. Turner, Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence, Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014), 54–55.

  57. 57.

    Memorandum from CIA Director William Casey to National Foreign Intelligence Council, November 4, 1983, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP85M00364R002404800001-6.

  58. 58.

    Memorandum from CIA Director William Casey to National Foreign Intelligence Council.

  59. 59.

    “Security Cooperation with Yugoslavia in Connection with XIV Olympic Games,” December 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 2, Folder: Yugoslavia 1984 Winter Games, RRPL.

  60. 60.

    “Security Cooperation with Yugoslavia in Connection with XIV Olympic Games.”

  61. 61.

    Quote found in “Yugoslavia Increases Federal Security Powers,” December 1983, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP07S00452R000300820006-8. Further detail on the 1981 Revolt in Kosovo is found in Mark Baskin, “Crisis in Kosovo,” Problems of Communism 32, no. 2 (1983): 61–74 and Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo (Pluto Press, 2000), 41–44.

  62. 62.

    Message from AMEMBASSY BELGRADE to SECSTATE WASHDC, February 1984. John Kenneth Hill Files Box 2, Folder: Yugoslavia 1984 Winter Games, RRPL.

  63. 63.

    Message from AMEMBASSY BELGRADE to SECSTATE WASHDC, February 1984.

  64. 64.

    “Yugoslav President Holds a Meeting with Reagan,” New York Times, February 2, 1984.

  65. 65.

    Message from AMEMBASSY BELGRADE to SECSTATE WASHDC, February 1984.

  66. 66.

    Letter from John K. Hill to Michael Deaver, January 4, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: Hill to Deaver memos (1/16/1984–03/15/1984), RRPL.

  67. 67.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 29, 1983, Kenneth J. Hill Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983) Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (hereafter RRPL).

  68. 68.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 29, 1983.

  69. 69.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 29, 1983.

  70. 70.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 29, 1983.

  71. 71.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 29, 1983.

  72. 72.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, July 1, 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983: Folder: juillet–decembre 1983, IOCL.

  73. 73.

    Quote found in “Report on the XIVth Winter Olympic Games at Sarajevo”; Gates’ attendance in Sarajevo noted in Kenneth Reich, “Games Security Big Job, Gates Says,” Los Angeles Times, February 11, 1984.

  74. 74.

    “Report on the XIVth Winter Olympic Games at Sarajevo.”

  75. 75.

    “Report on the XIVth Winter Olympic Games at Sarajevo.”

  76. 76.

    Matthew Llewellyn, John Gleaves, and Wayne Wilson, “The Historical Legacy of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 2; See also Sarantakes, Dropping the Torch, 45. For an analysis of Peter Ueberroth and the 1984 Olympics, see Kenneth Reich, Making It Happen: Peter Ueberroth and the 1984 Olympics (Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1986).

  77. 77.

    Stephen R. Wenn, “Peter Ueberroth’s Legacy: How the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics Changed the Trajectory of the Olympic Movement,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 158.

  78. 78.

    “Who Will Police the Olympics?” John Kenneth Hill Files Box 7 Folder: Newsclips (2 of 8), RRPL.

  79. 79.

    Organizing Committee of the XXIIIrd Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles. (1984). The Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984, 600. The FBI, and Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department took the early lead.

  80. 80.

    Those officials were LAOOC President Peter Ueberroth, Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates, Los Angeles County Sheriff Sherman Block, Long Beach City Police Chief Charles Ussery. Organizing Committee of the XXIIIrd Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles. Following his replacement of Edward Hickey, Ken Hill also served on this committee.

  81. 81.

    Organizing Committee of the XXIIIrd Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles.

  82. 82.

    Organizing Committee of the XXIIIrd Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles.

  83. 83.

    “Who Will Police the Olympics?”

  84. 84.

    Organizing Committee of the XXIIIrd Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles. (1984). The Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles, 1984, 608.

  85. 85.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, January 25, 1985.

  86. 86.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, June 16, 1984, Folder: Securité aux J.O. rapports et correspondence, 1981–1985, File: Rapport sur l”exercise de securité olympique, IOCA.

  87. 87.

    “Olympic Security at Los Angeles, July 21, 1984,” July 21, 1984, File: Correspondance 1984, Folder: mai–décembre 1984, RRPL.

  88. 88.

    “Annual Report 1976,” Motorola Solutions, n.d., Accessed April 10, 2020. https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/en-xw/static_files/1976_Motorola_Annual_Report.pdf.

  89. 89.

    “Annual Report 1976.”

  90. 90.

    Support to the Los Angeles Olympic Games: White House Meeting, 1300 hours, 29 February,” John Kenneth Hill Files Box 1 Folder [Military Support], RRPL.

  91. 91.

    “Support to the Los Angeles Olympic Games: White House Meeting, 1300 hours, 29 February,” John Kenneth Hill Files Box 1 Folder [Military Support], RRPL.

  92. 92.

    Memorandum from Richard Levine to Robert McFarlane, April 16, 1984, U.S. Declassified Documents Online, Document No. GALE|CK2349662820, Accessed April 11, 2018.

  93. 93.

    Memorandum from Richard Levine to Robert McFarlane, April 16, 1984.

  94. 94.

    Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Los Angeles, February 3rd–5th, 1982, 34, IOCL.

  95. 95.

    Letter from Michael Deaver to Juan Antonio Samaranch, February 8, 1982, Sécurité aux JO: rapport et correspondance, 1981–1985, Folder: Correspondance 1982, IOCL.

  96. 96.

    Kenneth Reich, “U.S. Names New Olympics Security Aide,” Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1983.

  97. 97.

    Kenneth Reich, “Terrorist Expert to Write Report on Olympics,” Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1983.

  98. 98.

    Letter from Ashwini Kumar to Juan Antonio Samaranch, 1 July 1983, Ashwini Kumar Correspondance 1983, Folder: juillet–decembre, IOCL.

  99. 99.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, October 17, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder [Hill to Deaver Memos] (10/1/1983–11/7/1983), RRPL.

  100. 100.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, October 17, 1983.

  101. 101.

    Beckwith led a failed operation to rescue American hostages in Iran in April of 1980. For reference, see Spencer C. Tucker, ed., The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts Volume I: A-D (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2010), 202. According to his resume, he also aided security preparations ahead of the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Olympics. His resume is found in “Background and Understanding of the Problem,” John Kenneth Hill Files Box 1 Folder: Beckwith, Charles Security Assistance Service 2 of 4, RRPL.

  102. 102.

    “Background and Understanding of the Problem.”

  103. 103.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, October 17, 1983.

  104. 104.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Charlie Beckwith, October 27, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 1 Folder: Beckwith, Charles Security Assistance Service, 4 of 4, RRPL.

  105. 105.

    Robert Lindsey, “Turkish Diplomat Is Slain on Coast,” New York Times, January 29, 1982.

  106. 106.

    Letter from Daryl Gates to William P. Clark, February 5, 1982, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 6 Folder: FBI, RRPL.

  107. 107.

    Kenneth Reich, “FBI Training Special Squad for Olympics,” Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1983.

  108. 108.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Michael Deaver, September 16, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983), RRPL.

  109. 109.

    Kenneth Reich, “LAPD Balks at Deferring to FBI at Olympics,” Los Angeles Times, August 26, 1983.

  110. 110.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Michael Deaver, September 16, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983) RRPL. One of the arguments offered by the LAPD was that their Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams had equal experience to any group the FBI provided and that local law enforcement was less prone to an overreaction. Citing the “Patty Hearst affair,” Hill argued this point was “debatable.”

  111. 111.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Michael Deaver, August 8, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files, Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (August 1983–09/13/1983), RRPL.

  112. 112.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Michael Deaver, August 8, 1983.

  113. 113.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 2, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (August 1983–09/13/1983), RRPL.

  114. 114.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 14, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983) RRPL. Hill also noted that Denton, who gained fame for blinking t-o-r-t-u-r-e in Morse Code during an interview as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, viewed the problem with a “distinct military point of view.”

  115. 115.

    Details of the agreement are found in Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K Deaver, March 2, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (1/16/1984–03/15/1984), RRPL.

  116. 116.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael K. Deaver, September 22, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983), RRPL.

  117. 117.

    Letter from Ken Hill to Michael Deaver, September 29, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (09/14/1983–09/30/1983), RRPL.

  118. 118.

    “Some Thoughts on the Security Arrangements at the Olympic Games,” Folder- Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL, 3.

  119. 119.

    “Some Thoughts on the Security Arrangements at the Olympic Games.”.

  120. 120.

    “Some Thoughts on the Security Arrangements at the Olympic Games,” 8. The primary American terrorist movement Kumar mentions was a group called the Weather Underground. For more on this groups activities, see R. Jacobs, The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground (London: Verso, 1997).

  121. 121.

    Emphasis in original. “Olympic Games for Humans, Not Apes,” Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: correspondance 1984, IOCL.

  122. 122.

    Bernard Gwertzman, “Olympic Threats Reported Abroad,” New York Times, July 11, 1984.

  123. 123.

    “Alleged KKK Death Threats to Third World Olympic Athletes: A Soviet Active Measure,” July 17, 1984, CIA FOIA ERR: document no. CIA-RDP85T00287R001400750001-6.

  124. 124.

    Note from Ashwini Kumar to Monique Berlioux, February 1984, Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: Correspondance 1984, IOCL.

  125. 125.

    “Paper on Security Matters at the Games in Los Angeles,” Folder Sécurité aux JO: rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: Rapport sur le risqué terroriste 1984, IOCL, 7.

  126. 126.

    “Paper on Security Matters at the Games in Los Angeles.”

  127. 127.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 17, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (3/16/1984–05/23/1984), RRPL.

  128. 128.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 17, 1984.

  129. 129.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 17, 1984.

  130. 130.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 17, 1984.

  131. 131.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael McManus, December 16, 1983.

  132. 132.

    One of the best accounts is found in Robert Simon Edelman, “The Russians Are Not Coming! The Soviet Withdrawal from the Games of the XXIII Olympiad.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 32, no. 1 (2015): 9–36.

  133. 133.

    Full details of the campaign are found in ibid.: 14–16. In a letter to Michael Deaver, Balsiger argued for government support of the boycott, pointing to the support for Ronald Reagan’s 1980 election from segments of the coalition. Balsiger mentioned the KAL 007 incident several times and stated the BTSC did not want to see the Soviets “[get] away with murder by hiding behind the Olympic flag.” Deaver responded a month later, assuring Balsiger that the federal government would take the proper steps to ensure security. He made no mention of the KAL 007 incident.

  134. 134.

    Memorandum from SECSTATE WASH DC to AMEMBASSY MOSCOW, May 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 3 Folder: Soviet Participation in 1984 Olympics (2 of 2).

  135. 135.

    Edelman, “The Russians Are Not Coming!,” 16.

  136. 136.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 3, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 4 Folder: [Hill to Deaver Memos] (3/16/1984–05/23/1984), RRPL.

  137. 137.

    Memorandum from Kenneth Hill to Michael Deaver, May 3, 1984.

  138. 138.

    Memorandum from Robert McFarlane to the President, January 31st, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 3 Folder: Soviet Requests: Aeroflot and Gruzia (2 of 4), RRPL.

  139. 139.

    Memorandum from Kenneth J. Hill to Michael McManus, December 16th, 1983, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 3 Folder: Soviet Requests: Aeroflot and Gruzia (1 of 4), RRPL.

  140. 140.

    Memorandum from Robert McFarlane to the President, January 31st, 1984, John Kenneth Hill Files Box 3 Folder: Soviet Requests: Aeroflot and Gruzia (2 of 4), RRPL.

  141. 141.

    Memorandum from Robert McFarlane to the President, January 31st, 1984.

  142. 142.

    Letter from Zhong Shitong to the LAOOC, June 22, 1984, Securite aux J.O. rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: correspondence 1984, IOCL.

  143. 143.

    Letter from He Zhenliang to Juan Antonio Samaranch, June 26, 1984, Securite aux J.O. rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: correspondence 1984, IOCL.

  144. 144.

    Michael Parks, “Chinese Feel Much too Secure,” Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1984.

  145. 145.

    “Olympic Security Exercise in Los Angeles June 1984,” Securite aux J.O. rapports et correspondance, 1981–1985, File: rapport sur l”exercise de securite olympique, IOCL.

  146. 146.

    Memorandum from David D. Whipple to Director of Central Intelligence, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and Chairman, National Intelligence Council, November 28, 1984. CIA FOIA ERR, Document No: CIA-RDP86M00886R001100010007-5.

  147. 147.

    Millicent Kennelly and Kristine Toohey, “Terrorism and the Olympics: ‘The Games Have Gone On’,” Sporting Traditions 24, no. 1–2 (2007): 1–22; “Policeman, Hailed for Disarming a Bomb, Is Accused of Planting It,” New York Times, August 15, 1984: 18.

  148. 148.

    Text of the Department of State’s (DOS) final report on preparations and organization for the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games. Issues include: terrorist threat analysis; dignitary protection; immunities and privileges; a list of official guests of the U.S.; the greeting of foreign dignitaries in Los Angeles; asylum requests; entry procedure; arrangements for Soviet and Soviet Bloc participation; African participation; counter-terrorism measures. United States: Department of State, n.d. U.S. Declassified Documents Online. Accessed April 9, 2018.

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Duckworth, A. (2022). International Liaison and the 1984 Olympic Games. In: International Security and the Olympic Games, 1972–2020. Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05133-3_4

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