Passing the Torch, 1972–1980

Duckworth, Austin

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05133-3_3

Austin Duckworth³

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics ((PASSP))

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Abstract

This chapter begins by providing a more in-depth discussion on the decision to award the Olympics to Munich and continues by tracing the IOC’s non-committal response to providing security to the Olympic Games. The key point of this chapter is how the IOC President Lord Michael Morris Killanin formulated the IOC’s policy that lasted for nearly a decade. The chapter examines both Winter and Summer Olympics in 1976 and 1980 to understand how security worked at these Olympic Games without the aid of the IOC. Analysis of the United States’ government’s increasing involvement with counter-terrorism following the Munich Olympics and ahead of the Winter Games in Lake Placid is also discussed.

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Notes

1.
Minutes of the 64th Meeting of the International Olympic Committee, April 24th–30th, 1966, International Olympic Committee Library (hereafter IOCL), 8.
2.
Quote found in Schiller and Young, The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany, 3.
3.
Munich Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad, vol. 1, part 1, 32.
4.
Red Smith, “Fixing the Blame,” New York Times, September 9, 1972.
5.
See Smith, “Fixing the Blame”; “Americans, Germans Exchange Complaints,” The Washington Post, September 3, 1972. The Official Report of the Munich Organizing Committee makes several distinctions. The “surveillance personnel” wore bright colors while a “civil security service” wore light blue. The night shift in the Olympic Village was armed with pistols. Quotes found in Munich Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the XXth Olympiad, 32.
6.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Munich, August 21st–24th, September 5th, 1972, IOCL, 58.
7.
At this time, word spread that at least two Israelis were dead. See Geoffrey Miller, “Gunplay Halts Olympics,” The Austin Statesman, September 5, 1972; Minutes of the IOC General Session, Munich, August 21st–24th, September 5th,1972, 58.
8.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Munich, August 21st–24th, 59.
9.
Letter from Lord Michael Killanin to Willi Daume, 18th September 1972, Correspondence of Michael Killanin September–October 1972, Folder: September 12th–29th, 1972, IOCL.
10.
Letter from Lord Killanin to Monique Berlioux, January 25th,1973, Correspondance of Michael Killanin (Pres) 1973, Folder: janvier 18–31, 1973, IOCL.
11.
United States Department of State, Secretary of State William Rogers, Confidential Cable, “Subj: Secretary's Letter to Foreign Minister on Consultation regarding International Measures against Terrorism” September 11, 1972, Digital National Security Archive Collection: Terrorism and U.S. Policy, 1968–2002 (available via library subscription at: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/publications/dnsa.html).
12.
Anonymous, “Terrorism Analysis in the CIA: The Gradual Awakening (1972–1980),” Studies in Intelligence 51, no. 1. Accessed July 8, 2016. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB431/docs/intell_ebb_017.PDF. (The author’s name is redacted in the document.)
13.
Robert Toth, “Nixon Establishes Cabinet Panel to Fight Terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, September 26, 1972, sec. A1.
14.
David Miller, Olympic Revolution: The Olympic Biography of Juan Antonio Samaranch (London: Pavilion Books Ltd, 1994), 11–12.
15.
Miller, Olympic Revolution, 11–12.
16.
Letter from Lord Killanin to Mr. J. Hamilton, October 25th, 1973, Correspondence of Michael Killanin (President), 1973 File: August–October 1973, IOCL.
17.
For more on the decision to withdraw the bid, see Laura Lee Katz Olson, “Power, Public Policy and the Environment: The Defeat of the 1976 Winter Olympics in Colorado” (PhD Dissertation, University of Colorado, 1974).
18.
“Olympic Coloring Book: Color Snow Hopes Dim,” New York Times, January 16, 1964.
19.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XII Winter Olympiad Innsbruck 1976, vol. 1, part 1, 279.
20.
Lake Placid Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 280.
21.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Lausanne, May 21st–23rd, 1975, IOCL, 37.
22.
Leonard Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics—An Armed Camp in Scenic Austria,” The Washington Post, February 2, 1976.
23.
Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics.”
24.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 279.
25.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 279.
26.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 279.
27.
For the assassination, see “4,000 March in Istanbul, Blaming Greeks for Role in Envoys” Deaths,” New York Times, October 26, 1975. For more on Carlos the Jackal’s attack see Bernard Weinraub, “Libyans Arm and Train World Terrorists,” New York Times, July 16, 1976. Data on terrorist attacks found in National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). (2016).
28.
Fussey et. al., Securing and Sustaining the Olympic City, 52.
29.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 279.
30.
Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, February 2nd–5th, 1973, IOCL, 25.
31.
The IOOC reported “many NOCs” wanted their athletes to stay in Seefeld in order to be closer to the training facilities for their events. Agenda for the 76th Session of the International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, May 21st–23rd, 1975, IOCL, 9.
32.
Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Vienna, October 18th–24th, 1974, IOCL, 9.
33.
Minutes of the IOC Executive Board, Vienna, October 18th–24th, 1974, IOCL, 9; Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, February 20th–22nd, 1975, IOCL, 88.
34.
“Games Security Guards to Outnumber Athletes, 2 to 1,” New York Times, January 25, 1976.
35.
Leonard Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics.”
36.
Bernard Kirsch, “U.S. Hopes Are Dim in Olympic Winter Games Opening Wednesday,” New York Times, February 1, 1976.
37.
Leonard Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics.”
38.
The most detailed description of the process of entering the Olympic Village is found in Leonard Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics—An Armed Camp in Scenic Austria.”
39.
Quote found in Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics.”
40.
Quote found in Shapiro, “The Winter Olympics.” For Tauber’s background see Barbara Lloyd, “Skiing; Speed Is Worth the Risk for Some,” New York Times, February 3, 1994.
41.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Montreal, July 13th–17th, 19th, 1976, IOCL, 88.
42.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Montreal, 89.
43.
Innsbruck Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 282.
44.
At times, the word “security” appears in the IOC Meeting Minutes but not in relation to how the IOC might prepare for a potential threat to the Olympic Games. See, Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Vienna, October 18th–24th, 1974, IOCL, 8.
45.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Varna, October 5th–7th, 1973, IOCL, 24.
46.
Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Montreal, October 4th–6th, 1975, IOCL, 23.
47.
Political scientist Mark B. Salter provides a useful perspective on the role of the passport and border security in “Passports, Mobility, and Security: How Smart Can the Border Be?,” International Studies Perspectives 5, no. 1 (2004): 71–91. Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Vienna, October 18th–24th, 1974, IOCL, 8.
48.
Minutes of the IOC General Session, Lausanne, May 21st–23rd, 1975, IOCL, 37.
49.
Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, February 20th–22nd, 1975, 59.
50.
Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, February 20th–22nd, 1975, 59.
51.
“Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIst Olympiad Presented to the Executive Commission of the International Olympic Committee by his Excellency Roger Rousseau President and Commissioner General,” February 3, 1973, Lausanne. Box 185 Folder: Games of the XXI Olympiad 1976 Montreal, Canada—Organizing Comm, Avery Brundage Collection, University of Illinois Archives, Champaign, IL (hereafter ABC), 12.
52.
Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. June 22nd–24th, 1973, Lausanne, IOCL, 72–73.
53.
This quote is found on page 6 of magazine called “Olympress 1976” that can be found in Box 185 Folder: Games of the XXI Olympiad 1976 Montreal, Canada—Organizing Comm, ABC.
54.
Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Board of the I.O.C. June 22nd–24th, 1973, Lausanne, IOCL, 73.
55.
Clément, “The Transformation of Security Planning for the Olympics,” 7.
56.
Clément, “The Transformation of Security Planning for the Olympics,” 8. For example, attaché liaisons were assigned countries and tasked with learning all of the potential threats from these areas while “processing intelligence forwarded by foreign security personnel for that country.”
57.
“Olympics Set Stage for Cooperative Policing.” Liaison, November 1976, 11–13.
58.
“Olympics Set Stage for Cooperative Policing,” 11–13.
59.
Memorandum from Robert Fearey to Secretary of State, June 1, 1976, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP79M00467A002500090039-4.
60.
Letter from Lord Killanin to James Worrall, 11 November 1973, James Worrall correspondance 1967–1977, Folder: Correspondance 1975–1977, IOCL.
61.
Letter from Lord Killanin to Monique Berlioux, 1 May 1976, COJO: correspondance janvier–mai 1976, Folder: COJO correspondance janvier 1976, IOCL.
62.
“Montreal on Guard,” COJO: correspondance janvier–mai 1976, Folder: COJO correspondance janvier 1976, IOCL.
63.
“Canada Fears Olympic Plot,” James Worrall Correspondence 1976–1977, Folder: Correspondence 1975–1977, IOCL.
64.
Jack Anderson, “Terrorist “Fish” in a Sea of Tourists,” The Washington Post, May 16, 1976.
65.
Nancy Scannell, “76 Montreal Olympics Could Be Another Munich: 1976 Olympiad Promises to Be ‘Vie in the Sky’,” The Washington Post, October 23, 1974.
66.
Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, and February 2nd–5th, 1973, IOCL, 17.
67.
Clément, “The Transformation of Security Planning,” 7.
68.
Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Innsbruck, January 30th–31st and February 5th–12th, 14th–15th, 1976, IOCL, 16.
69.
Quoted in Clément, “The Transformation of Security Planning,” 7.
70.
“Security force will be biggest since the war,” COJO: correspondance janvier-mai 1976, Folder: COJO correspondance fevrier–mars 1976, IOCL.
71.
“Olympic Security Tight to Avert Munich Repeat,” The Austin American Statesman, March 24, 1976, sec. E1.
72.
Joseph Durso, “Pageantry Dazzling Amid Controversy,” New York Times, July 18, 1976.
73.
The decision to use the Queen to open the Games angered some nationalist groups in Quebec province, where French is the predominant language. As one French-Canadian official stated, “In this country of mixed cultures, it would be more appropriate to have the Canadian head of government open the games,” Robert Trumbull, “Montreal Greets Queen, But Reservations Remain,” New York Times, July 19, 1976.
74.
Trumbull, “Montreal Greets Queen.”
75.
“Olympics pass? Do it yourself,” 22 July 1976, Pétitions demandant que le sport reste a politique, Folder: petitions août 1976, IOCL.
76.
Gerald Redmond, “Olympic Security Is the Real Hoax,” The Ottawa Journal, July 24, 1976; “Imposter Hoax Scares Security,” The Ottawa Journal, July 23, 1976.
77.
“Security Tightened,” New York Times, July 24, 1976, sec. 18.
78.
“Olympic Official Report Montreal 1976 Volume One part 2,” 571.
79.
Letter from N. Kurdjukov to Lord Killanin, July 28, 1976.
80.
Letter from Mr. S. Pavlov to the Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIst Olympiad, July 29th, 1976, Affairs politiques: correspondance et documents 1976 Folder: Accord entre l’URSS et la US Amateru Athletic Federation 1974–1975, IOCL. Accounts of Nemstanov’s defection can be found in Neil Amdur, “U.S.S.R. Drops Threat to Withdraw,” New York Times, August 1, 1976; “2 More from Olympics Ask Canada for Asylum,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 1976.
81.
Borzov later stated in an interview, “an official informed me that a sniper was on the stadium and they had information that he had a plan to shoot me.” Quote found in David Owen, “A Trip Down Memory Lane with Valeriy Borzov,” insidethegames.biz. Accessed September 29, 2017. https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1016222/a-trip-down-memory-lane-with-valeriy-borzov.
82.
Letter from Unknown to Lord Killanin, August 31, 1976, COJO: Correspondance janvier–mai 1976 Folder: COJO Correspondance août-septembre 1976.
83.
Letter from Unknown to Lord Killanin, August 31, 1976.
84.
“The signed photographers protest,” August 1st, 1976, COJO: Correspondance janvier–mai 1976 Folder: COJO Correspondance août-septembre 1976.
85.
Montreal Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXI Olympiad Montreal 1976, vol. 1, 383.
86.
Red Smith, “Montreal Olympics That Opened in Strife Close on Brighter Note,” New York Times, August 2, 1976.
87.
“Lid Drops on Games,” Austin American Statesman, August 2, 1976.
88.
Montreal Olympics Organizing Committee, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, 279.
89.
Ted Green, “Soviets Waging Modern Cold War at Lake Placid,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1980, sec. D1.
90.
Green, “Soviets Waging Modern Cold War at Lake Placid.”
91.
Green, “Soviets Waging Modern Cold War at Lake Placid.”
92.
Letter from Robert C. McEwen to James M. Cannon, May 5, 1976. James M. Cannon Files, Box 25, Folder: Olympic Sports, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
93.
Sanford C. Curcie and Robert L. Barnard, “DoD Physical Security Technical Support at the 1980 Winter Olympics Village” (Tinton Falls, NJ: Analytics Inc, 1980), 1–7.
94.
Organizing Committee of the XIIIth Winter Olympic Games, Lake Placid. (1980). The Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Lake Placid, 1980, 170.
95.
Quote found in Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security Technical Support at the 1980 Winter Olympics Village,” 2–66; Leonard Shapiro, “Village Security Forces Try to Maintain Low Profile,” The Washington Post, February 13, 1980.
96.
Organizing Committee of the XIIIth Winter Olympic Games, Lake Placid. (1980), 167.
97.
Organizing Committee of the XIIIth Winter Olympic Games, Lake Placid. (1980), 168.
98.
Memorandum From Robert W. Gambino Director of Security to Deputy Director for Administration, November 29, 1979, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP84-00466R000100090005-8.
99.
Memo from John McMahon to Stansfield Turner, December 19, 1979, General William Odom’s Files, 1977–1981, Collection: JC-NSA: Records of the office of the National Security Advisor (Carter Administration), 1977–1981, “Terrorism: Pan American Games (1979) and 1980 Winter Olympics, 5/79-1/80,” Box 53, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (hereafter JCPL).
100.
For the Iranian hostage crisis, see David Patrick Houghton, US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Richard Falk, “The Iran Hostage Crisis: Easy Answers and Hard Questions,” American Journal of International Law 74, no. 2 (1980): 411–417. A consideration of the media and the crisis is found in James F. Larson, “Television and U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the Iran Hostage Crisis,” Journal of Communication 36, no. 4 (December 1986): 108–130.
101.
Memo from John McMahon to Stansfield Turner.
102.
Memo from John McMahon to Stansfield Turner.
103.
Robert Fachet, “N.Y. to Test Olympic Security,” The Washington Post, May 5, 1976.
104.
Organizing Committee of the XIIIth Winter Olympic Games, Lake Placid. (1980), 166.
105.
Robert Fachet, “N.Y. to Test Olympic Security.”
106.
Joseph Addabdo, “H.R. 5359 (96th): Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1980” (1979).
107.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 1–20.
108.
“Olympics Set Stage for Cooperative Policing,” Liaison, November 1976, 11–13.
109.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 2.
110.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 2–50. Emphasis in original text.
111.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security.”
112.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 2–51.
113.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 2–89.
114.
Curcie and Barnard, “DoD Physical Security,” 2–66.
115.
Selwyn Raab, “Security Choice for Lake Placid Called Slipshod: Albany Panel Cites Lack of Check on Contractor,” New York Times, January 25, 1980, sec. B1.
116.
Raab, “Security Choice for Lake Placid Called Slipshod.” The head of CCS, Ben Jamil, later pleaded guilty to selling equipment to Syria, Guinea, Switzerland, and Greece. The federal government dropped the charges in exchange for Jamil becoming a secret informant. Mark Hosenball, “Spy-Shop Owner Said to Lead Double Life: Jamil Called Accomplice in “Sting” to Snare Agents,” The Washington Post, September 16, 1985, sec. B1.
117.
Barbara Basler, “Olympic Security Involving 1,000 U.S. and State Agents,” New York Times, January 26, 1980.
118.
“Amendments to the Minutes of the 81st IOC Session,” Montevideo, April 5th–7th, 1979, IOCL, 46.
119.
For a lengthy consideration of U.S.-Soviet relations and détente, see Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994); A briefer examination of the topic is found in Richard W. Stevenson, The Rise and Fall of Détente: Relaxations of Tension in US-Soviet Relations 1953–84 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985).
120.
Carol Marmor-Drews, ““To Guarantee Security and Protect Social Order” (Moscow 1980),” in Surveilling and Securing the Olympics: From Tokyo 1964 to London 2012 and Beyond, Vida Bajc, ed. (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016), 182. For a general history of the 1980 Games, see Barukh Hazan, Olympic Sports and Propaganda Games: Moscow 1980 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982).
121.
Jimmy Carter, “Address to the Nation on the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” January 4, 1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=32911.
122.
Recipients included Carter, his Vice-President Walter Mondale, Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, and Secretary of State Cyrus Roberts Vance.
123.
“USSR: Olympic Games Preparations,” December 1979, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. 0003387227; Carter’s National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski strongly disagreed with this assessment. Brzezinski viewed the Soviet Union and détente with suspicion. Historian Nicholas Sarantakes notes, “[Brzezinksi] believed the Soviets were trying to use détente to spread their Communist ideology.” Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 55. Sarantakes further expands his argument later in his work. He argues Brzezinksi pointed to a newspaper article written by Robert Kaiser, who worked in Moscow as The Washington Post’s correspondent, 85; a useful consideration of Brzezinski’s role in forming Carter’s foreign policy is found in Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 1–3.
124.
Minutes of the Meeting of the IOC Executive Board, Lausanne, April 21st–23rd, 1980, IOCL, 49. The United States would still hold an Olympic trial in order to decide the Olympians for 1980, in case Carter had a last-minute change of heart. Miller had a very faint hope of an American team in Moscow. He wrote Berlioux, “if the President of the United States advises the USOC on or before 20th May 1980 that international events have become compatible with the national interests and the national security is no longer threatened, the USOC will enter its athletes.”
125.
Kenneth Reich, “Moscow’s Un-Spartan Olympics May Foil L.A.”s Plans for 1984 Games,” Los Angeles Times, August 3, 1980, sec. D1. Marmor-Drews makes a similar argument, “The Soviet authorities were clearly concentrating on the Cold War, while internal terrorist threats received less attention,” Quote found in ““To Guarantee Security and Protect Social Order” (Moscow 1980),” 190.
126.
“Moscow Olympics: Not All Games,” July 21, 1980, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. CIA-RDP90-00806R000200860039-3.
127.
Reports of these warnings by teachers appear in several different sources. See Dan Fisher, “Spy Stories Fill Soviet Press as Olympics Approach,” Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1980; Klose, “Moscow Prepares Purge Before Summer Olympics.”
128.
Telegram from Sir Curtis Keeble to FCO, undated, The National Archives (hereafter TNA): PREM 19/376.
129.
Jack Anderson, “Flesh Peddling in Moscow for the KGB,” The Washington Post, July 24, 1980.
130.
Cadra Peterson McDaniel notes the American State Department viewed Khrushchev’s rise to power as a sign of future cultural exchanges between the two nations in American–Soviet Cultural Diplomacy: The Bolshoi Ballet's American Premiere (New York: Lexington Books, 2014), 16; A brief history on the opening of the Soviet Union by Khrushchev is found in Yale Richmond, Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010), 14–20.
131.
Victor Rosenberg, Soviet-American Relations, 1953–1960: Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange During the Eisenhower Presidency (London: McFarland & Company, 2005), 126.
132.
Robert G. Kaiser, “U.S.-Soviet Relations: Goodbye to Detente America and the World,” Foreign Affairs 59, no. 1 (1980): 503. For a discussion on the role of culture within the context of the Cold War, see Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Laura A. Belmonte, Selling the American Way: U.S. Propaganda and the Cold War (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); Kenneth Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006).
133.
Telegram from Alan Brooke Turner to FCO, undated, TNA: PREM 19/376.
134.
Telegram from Keeble to FCO, 19/376.
135.
“USSR: Olympic Games Preparations,” December 1979, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No. 0003387227.
136.
John Hennessy. “Olympic Games,” Times [London, England], July 14, 1980: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. November 1, 2017.
137.
Jim Railton. “Have the Games Lost Their Human Touch?” Times [London, England], August 2, 1980: 12. The Times Digital Archive. Web. November 1, 2017. Railton noted, Soviet citizens on the “Metro” displayed the “same boredom and frustration of London commuters, who would whoop for joy at the speed, cleanliness, and cheapness of Moscow’s underground.”
138.
Railton, “Have the Games Lost Their Human Touch?”
139.
Marmor-Drews also notes Soviet citizens generally volunteered for these squads as an easy way to get out of work. In a three-month period of 1980, this group numbered nearly 30,000 people. ““To Guarantee Security and Protect Social Order” (Moscow 1980),” 193.
140.
Kevin Klose, “Moscow Prepares Purge Before Summer Olympics,” The Washington Post, December 17, 1979.
141.
“KGB “housecleaning” Moscow of Activists Before Olympics,” The New York Jewish Week, July 27, 1980.
142.
Dan Fisher, “Moscow Cops–Low Pay, No Prestige,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1980; “Rigid Security for Moscow Olympics,” The Times of India, July 2, 1980.
143.
Dan Fisher, “Security Heavy: Muscovites Rush Olympic Building,” Los Angeles Times, July 6, 1980. Carol Marmor-Drews offers two different numbers in regard to Moscow’s security. She notes, “Olympic objects were guarded by 21, 578 people” but also argues, “12,000–15,000 police officers were active during the Olympics.” Quote found in ““To Guarantee Security and Protect Social Order” (Moscow 1980),” 193.
144.
Telegram from Sir Curtis Keeble to FCO, July 18, 1980, TNA: PREM 19/376.
145.
Telegram from Sir Curtis Keeble to FCO, July 18, 1980.
146.
The National Foreign Intelligence Board (NFIB) was created by Executive Order 12036 signed by Jimmy Carter on January 24, 1978. A replacement for the United States Intelligence Board (USIB), the NFIB had more responsibility than the previous USIB. President Dwight Eisenhower created the USIB in 1958 to serve as a way “to coordinate a range of cooperative activities through a network of interagency committees.” Quote found in Michael Warner, “Central Intelligence: Origin and Evolution” (Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC: Center for Study of Intelligence, 2001), 8.
147.
“Unofficial Travel to the Moscow Olympics, 1980,” April 12, 1979, CIA FOIA ERR, Document No.
CIA-RDP96M01138R001200040066-1.
148.
Ken Denlinger and Barry Lorge, “Soviets Banish Appeals Jury,” The Washington Post, July 29, 1980.
149.
Quote found in Ken Denlinger and Barry Lorge, “Soviets Dismiss Complaints as “Nonsense Boiled in Oil”,” The Washington Post, July 31, 1980.
150.
Brooke Turner to FCO, TNA: 19/376.

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Duckworth, A. (2022). Passing the Torch, 1972–1980. In: International Security and the Olympic Games, 1972–2020. Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05133-3_3

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