Abstract
This chapter investigates children’s news and explores the adaptation and transformation of environmental news content for children. My aim is to examine how news about the environment is turned into a consumable object for children, who are not the target audiences for mainstream news outlets but who are increasingly addressed by child-specific news programmes. Of particular concern here is the possibility that ‘mainstream’ or ‘adult’ environmental news content is simplified when it is transformed for a child audience. In order to determine the extent to which simplification is part of this adaptation process, the chapter undertakes a close analysis of texts produced by three children’s news programmes that regularly report on the environment: CNN 10, the BBC’s Newsround, and the ABC’s Behind the News or BTN. Identifying positivity as a prevailing feature of the environmental news coverage in these three programmes, the chapter questions whether consolatory strategies are at work in these texts, or whether we can read such positivity as part of a more radical transformation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ABC. n.d. About BTN. Behind the News. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/btn/about-us/.
Alon-Tirosh, Michal, and Dafna Lemish. 2014. “If I Was Making the News”: What Do Children Want from News? Participations 11 (1): 108–129.
Anderson, Alison. 2014. Media, Environment and the Network Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Andı, Simge. 2020. How People Access News About Climate Change. In Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020, ed. Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, 51–55. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
BBC. 2011. Frequently Asked Questions. Newsround, June 28. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/13927399.
Beckett, Charlie, and Mark Deuze. 2016. On the Role of Emotion in the Future of Journalism. Social Media and Society 2–3: 1–6.
Beveridge, Scott. 2009. Current Affairs for Kids: Looking Back at The Total News. Screen Education 54: 74–77.
boyd, danah. 2014. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Boykoff, Maxwell T., and Jules M. Boykoff. 2004. Balance as Bias: Global Warming and the US Prestige Press. Global Environmental Change 14: 125–136.
Bruti, Silvia, and Elena Manca. 2019. The Popularization of Environmental Issues in Children’s Magazines: A Cross-cultural Corpus Analysis. In Translating and Communicating Environmental Cultures, ed. Meng Ji, 182–201. London and New York: Routledge.
Buckingham, David. 1997. The Making of Citizens: Pedagogy and Address in Children’s Television News. Journal of Electronic Media 23 (2–3): 119–139.
Cantor, Joanne, and Amy I. Nathanson. 1996. Children’s Fright Reactions to Television News. Journal of Communication 46 (4): 139–152.
Carrington, Damian. 2018. BBC Admits “we Get Climate Change Coverage Wrong too Often.” The Guardian, September 7. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/07/bbc-we-get-climate-change-coverage-wrong-too-often.
Carter, Cynthia. 2017. The Role of News Media in Fostering Children’s Democratic Citizenship. In The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights, ed. Howard Tumber and Silvio Waisbord, 416–425. London: Routledge.
Carvalho, Anabela. 2008. Media(ted) Discourse and Society. Journalism Studies 9 (2): 161–177.
Chadwick, Amy E. 2015. Toward a Theory of Persuasive Hope: Effects of Cognitive Appraisals, Hope Appeals, and Hope in the Context of Climate Change. Health Communication 30 (6): 598–611.
CNN. 2020. What is CNN 10? Cable News Network, April 7. Accessed September 17, 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/22/studentnews/sn-what-is-student-news/index.html.
Conway, Margaret M., Mikel L. Wyckoff, Eleanor Feldbaum, and David Ahern. 1981. The News Media in Children’s Political Socialization. Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 164–178.
Coward, Rosalind. 1990. Greening the Child. New Statesman and Society 3 (102): 40–41.
Der Molen, Van, Juliette H. Walma, and Marijn De Vries. 2003. Violence and Consolation: September 11th 2001 Covered by the Dutch Children’s News. Journal of Educational Media 28 (1): 5–19.
English, Peter, Renee Barnes, Jane Fynes-Clinton, and Leicha Stewart. 2019. Children’s News in Australia: Content for Young Readers in Crinkling News. Journal of Children and Media 13 (1): 73–88.
Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
Freeman, Carrie Packwood, Marc Bekoff, and Sarah Bexell. 2011. Giving Voice to the Voiceless: Incorporating Nonhuman Animal Perspectives as Journalistic Sources. Journalism Studies 12 (5): 590–607.
Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts. 2013. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Red Globe Press.
Hamilton, Clive. 2010. Appeasing Climate Deniers at the ABC. Overland, 200. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-200/feature-clive-hamilton/.
Hansen, Anders. 2019. Environment, Media and Communication. London and New York: Routledge.
Harcup, Tony, and Deirdre O’Neill. 2017. What is News? News Values Revisited (Again). Journalism Studies 18 (12): 1470–1488.
Hartley, John. 1998. When Your Child Grows up Too Fast: Juvenation and the Boundaries of the Social in the News Media. Continuum 12 (1): 9–30.
Hastings, A. Waller. 1993. Moral Simplification in Disney’s The Little Mermaid. The Lion and the Unicorn 17 (1): 83–92.
Hermans, Liesbeth, and Nico Drok. 2018. Placing Constructive Journalism in Context. Journalism Practice 12 (6): 679–694.
Hickman, Leo. 2018. Exclusive: BBC Issues Internal Guidance on How to Report Climate Change. Carbon Brief, September 7. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://www.carbonbrief.org/exclusive-bbc-issues-internal-guidance-on-how-to-report-climate-change.
Hoffner, Cynthia, and Margaret J. Haefner. 1994. Children’s News Interest During the Gulf War: The Role of Negative Affect. Journal of Broadcast and Electronic Media 38: 193–204.
Hutcheon, Linda. 2013. A Theory of Adaptation. London and New York: Routledge.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jenkins, Henry. 2009. Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Kaziaj, Emiljano, and Sofie Van Bauwel. 2017. The Ignored Audience: A Multi-method Reception Study on Children and Television News in Albania. Childhood 24 (2): 230–244.
Kellogg, Judith L. 1993. The Dynamics of Dumbing: The Case of Merlin. The Lion and the Unicorn 17 (1): 57–72.
Kincaid, James. 1998. Erotic Innocence. Durham: Duke University Press.
Kleemans, Mariska, Roos Dohmen, Luise F. Schlindwein, Sanne L. Tamboer, Rebecca N.H. de Leeuw, and Moniek Buijzen. 2019. Children’s Cognitive Responses to Constructive Television News. Journalism 20 (4): 568–582.
Klingberg, Göte. 2008. Facets of Children’s Literature Research: Collected and Revised Writings. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute for Children’s Books.
Leitch, Thomas. 2003. Twelve Fallacies in Contemporary Adaptation Theory. Criticism 45 (2): 149–171.
———. 2007. Film Adaptation and its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to the Passion of the Christ. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Marlon, Jennifer R., Brittany Bloodhart, Matthew T. Ballew, Justin Rolfe-Redding, Connie Roser-Renouf, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Edward Maibach. 2019. How Hope and Doubt Affect Climate Change Mobilization. Frontiers in Communication 4 (20): 1–15.
Mast, Jelle, Roel Coesemans, and Martina Temmerman. 2019. Constructive Journalism: Concepts, Practices, and Discourses. Journalism 20 (4): 492–503.
Matthews, Julian. 2007. Creating a New(s) View of the Environment: How Children’s News Offers New Insights into News Form, Imagined Audiences and the Production of Environmental News Stories. Journalism 8 (4): 428–448.
———. 2009. Negotiating News Childhoods. Journal of Children and Media 3 (1): 2–18.
McAfee, Dominic, Zoë A. Doubleday, Nathaniel Geiger, and Sean D. Connell. 2019. Everyone Loves a Success Story: Optimism Inspires Conservation Engagement. BioScience 69 (4): 274–281.
McBride, Brooke B., C.A. Brewer, A.R. Berkowitz, and William T. Borrie. 2013. Environmental Literacy, Ecological Literacy, Ecoliteracy: What Do We Mean and How Did We Get Here? Ecosphere 4 (5): 1–20.
McIntyre, Karen, and Cathrine Gyldensted. 2017. Constructive Journalism: Applying Positive Psychology Techniques to News Production. The Journal of Media Innovations 4 (2): 20–34.
Meade, Amanda. 2020. ABC Flagship Current Affair Programs Didn’t Cover Climate Change Adequately, Report Finds. The Guardian, October 28. Accessed September 20, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/28/abc-flagship-current-affair-programs-didnt-cover-climate-change-adequately-report-finds.
Muller, Denis. 2020. Media “impartiality” on Climate Change is Ethically Misguided and Downright Dangerous. The Conversation, January 31. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://theconversation.com/media-impartiality-on-climate-change-is-ethically-misguided-and-downright-dangerous-130778.
Napolitano, Marc. 2009. Disneyfying Dickens: Oliver & Company and The Muppet Christmas Carol as Dickensian Musicals. Studies in Popular Culture 32 (1): 79–102.
Nisbet, Matthew C. 2010. Knowledge into Action: Framing the Debates Over Climate Change and Poverty. In Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Paul D’Angelo and Jim A. Kuypers, 59–99. London and New York: Routledge.
Notley, Tanya, Michael Dezuanni, Hua Flora Zhong, and Saffron Howden. 2017. News and Australia’s Children: How Young People Access, Perceive and Are Affected by the News. Sydney: Crinkling News, Western Sydney University, and Queensland University of Technology.
Parham, John. 2016. Green Media and Popular Culture. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Parks, Perry. 2020. Is Climate Change a Crisis—And Who Says So? An Analysis of Climate Characterization in Major U.S. News Media. Environmental Communication 14 (1): 82–96.
Pezzullo, Phaedra C., and Robert Cox. 2018. Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere. Los Angeles and London: SAGE.
Riddle, Karyn, Joanne Cantor, Sahara Byrne, and Emily Moyer-Gusé. 2012. “People Killing People on the News”: Young Children’s Descriptions of Frightening Television News Content. Communication Quarterly 60 (2): 278–294.
Samuelsson, Ingrid Pramling, and Yoshie Kaga. 2008. Introduction. In The Contribution of Early Childhood Education to a Sustainable Society, ed. Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson and Yoshie Kaga, 9–17. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Semenza, Gregory M. Colón. 2008. Teens, Shakespeare, and the Dumbing Down Cliché: The Case of the Animated Tales. Shakespeare Bulletin 26 (2): 37–68.
Semetko, Holli A., and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2000. Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis Of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication 50 (2): 93–109.
Share, Jeff. 2020. Critical Media Literacy and Environmental Justice. In Media Literacy in a Disruptive Media Environment, ed. William G. Christ and Belinha S. De Abreu, 283–295. London and New York: Routledge.
Spencer, Jane. 2010. Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth-Century Narrative. Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33 (4): 469–486.
Stam, Robert. 2005. Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Adaptation. In Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation, ed. Robert Stam and Alessandra Raengo, 1–52. Hoboken: Blackwell.
Strife, Susan Jean. 2012. Children’s Environmental Concerns: Expressing Ecophobia. The Journal of Environmental Education 43 (1): 37–54.
Suzuki, David. 2020. Ecological Crises Deserve Better Media Coverage. The David Suzuki Foundation, March 18. Accessed May 5, 2020. https://davidsuzuki.org/story/ecological-crises-deserve-better-media-coverage/.
Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Keren, and Christian Baden. 2018. Journalistic Transformation: How Source Texts are Turned into News Stories. Journalism 19 (4): 481–499.
Trumbo, Craig. 1996. Constructing Climate Change: Claims and Frames in US News Coverage of an Environmental Issue. Public Understanding of Science 5 (3): 269–283.
Valenzuela, Sebastián, Ingrid Bachmann, and Marcela Aguilar. 2019. Socialized for News Media Use: How Family Communication, Information-Processing needs, and Gratifications Determine Adolescents’ Exposure to News. Communication Research 46 (8): 1095–1118.
Whelehan, Imelda. 1999. Adaptations: The Contemporary Dilemmas. In Adaptations: From Text to Screen, Screen to Text, ed. Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan, 3–19. London and New York: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hawley, E. (2022). Transformation or Simplification: The Production of Environmental Knowledge in Children’s News. In: Environmental Communication for Children. Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04691-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04691-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-04690-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-04691-9
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)