Abstract
This chapter shows that when conciliatory transfer approaches failed or were unavailable, non-state actors tried to change state practices by denouncing them. If possible, they denounced lower scale authorities to brokers at key positions, benefitting from their legal authority over subordinate state actors to request changes. When non-state actors lacked such contacts, they directly confronted the implementing officials. In case of resistance they shifted across scales, complaining to superordinate officials or to courts. When a case could be framed as a particularly salient violation of human rights or asylum norms, norm promoters turned to international organisations in the hopes that such organisations would exert pressure on domestic politicians. However, contentious multi-scalar approaches caused geographical dilemmas, because they provoked resistance and damaged relations with officials.
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Notes
- 1.
Reports of international organisations and interviewees from IOs and the EU Delegation in Kyiv claimed that state officials in the Ministries of Interior, the State Border Guard Services, the General Prosecutor Office, and the state security agencies in the CIS region shared a culture and operational ties which facilitated unlawful extraditions (Amnesty International, 2013; ECRE, 2007).
- 2.
See UNHCR reports (UNHCR, 2013, p. 25; UNHCR Ukraine, 2016, p. 2) and yearly UNHCR “Fact sheets” concerning the situation of refugees and asylum seekers in Ukraine. However, given the difficulties of documenting and proving refoulement, the number of documented cases of refoulement was low and uncertain for many years, thus making it difficult to verify the claim of generalised change.
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Mützelburg, I. (2022). Contentious Approaches to Counter Resistance to Transfer: Multi-Scalar Complaints. In: Transferring Asylum Norms to EU Neighbours. The European Union in International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04528-8_7
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