Abstract
Islamophobic hate speech is the indiscriminate negative attitude and behavior towards Muslims and Islam. Speech indicating prejudice against Muslims has negatively impacted the perceptions of Islam. Online platforms like Twitter have carved out policies to stop users from promoting Islamophobic hate speech, however, such content still exists which causes problems for Muslim communities globally. Hence, it becomes pivotal to find solutions to eradicate such speech from social media platforms. This paper presents an effective methodology for Islamophobic hate speech identification in online tweets using deep learning techniques. The proposed technique relies on feature extraction using a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network and classification using Long Short-Term Memory network based classifier. The proposed technique is validated on a dataset comprising of 1290 pre-processed online tweets and an accuracy of more than 90% is reported.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Shield for Muslims (31), 18 July 2021. https://shieldformuslims.wordpress.com/
Trust, R.: Islamophobia: a challenge for us all. Runnymede Trust UK 39(11). www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf
Ruwandika, N., Weerasinghe, A.: Identification of hate speech in social media. In: 2018 18th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer), pp. 273–278 (2018). IEEE
Inc, Y.: Youtube inc. youtube community guidelines [online]. Soc. Media Usage Policy 25, 3389–3402 (2020)
Inc, T.: Twitter inc. the twitter rules [online]. Twitter Usage Policy 9, 3389–3402 (2020)
Inc, F.: Facebook inc. facebook comment policy [online]. Facebook Usage Policy 6, 3389–3402 (2020)
KhosraviNik, M., Esposito, E.: Online hate, digital discourse and critique: exploring digitally-mediated discursive practices of gender-based hostility. Lodz Pap. Pragmat. 14(1), 45–68 (2018)
Weston-Scheuber, K.: Gender and the prohibition of hate speech. QUT Law Justice J. 12(2), 132–50 (2012)
Cowan, G., Khatchadourian, D.: Empathy, ways of knowing, and interdependence as mediators of gender differences in attitudes toward hate speech and freedom of speech. Psychol. Women Q. 27(4), 300–308 (2003)
Frías-Vázquez, M., Arcila, C.: Hate speech against central American immigrants in Mexico: analysis of xenophobia and racism in politicians, media and citizens, pp. 956–960 (2019)
Hernández, T.K.: Hate speech and the language of racism in Latin America: a lens for reconsidering global hate speech restrictions and legislation models. U. Pa. J. Int’l L. 32, 805 (2010)
Matamoros-Fernández, A.: Platformed racism: The mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on twitter, facebook and youtube. Inf. Commun. Soc. 20(6), 930–946 (2017)
Saksesi, A.S., Nasrun, M., Setianingsih, C.: Analysis text of hate speech detection using recurrent neural network. In: 2018 International Conference on Control, Electronics, Renewable Energy and Communications (ICCEREC), pp. 242–248. IEEE (2018)
Bonotti, M.: Religion, hate speech and non-domination. Ethnicities 17(2), 259–274 (2017)
ElSherief, M., Kulkarni, V., Nguyen, D., Wang, W.Y., Belding, E.: Hate lingo: a target-based linguistic analysis of hate speech in social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.04257 (2018)
Yasseri, T., Vidgen, B.: Detecting weak and strong islamophobic hate speech on social media. J. Inf. Technol. Polit. 2019 17(1) (2019)
Brown, A.: What is hate speech? part 1: the myth of hate. Law Philos. 36(4), 419–468 (2017)
Calvert, C.: Hate speech and its harms: a communication theory perspective. J. Commun. 47(1), 4–19 (1997)
Al-Hassan, A., Al-Dossari, H.: Detection of hate speech in social networks: a survey on multilingual corpus (2019)
Gaydhani, A., Doma, V., Kendre, S., Bhagwat, L.: Detecting hate speech and offensive language on twitter using machine learning: An n-gram and tfidf based approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.08651 (2018)
Sarvabhotla, K., Pingali, P., Varma, V.: Sentiment classification: a lexical similarity based approach for extracting subjectivity in documents. Inf. Retr. 14(3), 337–353 (2011)
MacDonald, M.C.: Lexical representations and sentence processing: an introduction. Lang. Cogn. Process. 12(2–3), 121–136 (1997)
Gitari, N.D., Zuping, Z., Damien, H., Long, J.: A lexicon-based approach for hate speech detection. Int. J. Multimed. Ubiquitous Eng. 2015 10(4), 215–230 (2015)
Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M., Weber, I.: Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.04009 (2017)
Şahi, H., Kılıç, Y., Saǧlam, R.B.: Automated detection of hate speech towards woman on twitter. 2018 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK) 2018, pp. 533–536. IEEE (2018)
Wester, A., Øvrelid, L., Velldal, E., Hammer, H.L.: Threat detection in online discussions. In: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis, pp. 66–71 (2016)
Hegde, S.U., Zaiba, A., Nagaraju, Y., et al.: Hybrid CNN-LSTM model with glove word vector for sentiment analysis on football specific tweets, pp. 1–8. IEEE (2021)
Shi, B., Bai, X., Yao, C.: An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39(11), 2298–2304 (2016)
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., Courville, A., Bengio, Y.: Deep learning 1 (2016)
Mengistie, T.T., Kumar, D.: Deep learning based sentiment analysis on COVID-19 public reviews, pp. 444–449. IEEE (2021)
Vimali, J., Murugan, S.: A text based sentiment analysis model using bi-directional LSTM networks, pp. 1652–1658. IEEE (2021)
Kim, Y.: Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1408.5882 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Mehmood, Q., Kaleem, A., Siddiqi, I. (2022). Islamophobic Hate Speech Detection from Electronic Media Using Deep Learning. In: Djeddi, C., Siddiqi, I., Jamil, A., Ali Hameed, A., Kucuk, İ. (eds) Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. MedPRAI 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1543. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04112-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04112-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-04111-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-04112-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)