Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanisms of Tremor

  • Chapter
Tremor

Part of the book series: Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering ((SLBE))

  • 47 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we review the pathophysiology of the various forms of tremor. Principal mechanisms and presumed generators are summarized in Table 7.1. Tremors are rarely because of a single factor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 37.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Antonini A, Moresco RM, Gobbo C, De Notaris R, Panzacchi A, Barone P, Calzetti S, Negrotti A, Pezzoli G, Fazio F. The status of dopamine nerve terminals in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor: a PET study with the tracer [11-C]FE-CIT. Neurol Sci. 2001;22(1): 47–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s100720170040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrad JE, Louis ED, Honig LS, Flores I, Ross GW, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Faust PL, Vonsattel JP. Reduced Purkinje cell number in essential tremor: a postmortem study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(1):101–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2007.8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacsi AM, Fung VS, Colebatch JG. Sway patterns in orthostatic tremor: impairment of postural control mechanisms. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1469–1475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bain PG, Britton TC, Jenkins IH, Thompson PD, Rothwell JC, Thomas PK, Brooks DJ, Marsden CD. Tremor associated with benign IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy. Brain. 1996;119(Pt 3):789–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.3.789

  • Ben-Pazi H, Bergman H, Goldberg JA, Giladi N, Hansel D, Reches A, Simon ES. Synchrony of rest tremor in multiple limbs in Parkinson’s disease: evidence for multiple oscillators. J Neural Transm. 2001;108(3):287–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-León J, Rodríguez J, Ortí-Pareja M, Ayuso-Peralta L, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Molina JA. Symptomatic orthostatic tremor in pontine lesions. Neurology. 1997;49(5):1439–1441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benito-León J, Louis ED. Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2(12):666–678; quiz 2p following 691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg D, Preibisch C, Hofmann E, Naumann M. Cerebral activation pattern in primary writing tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69(6):780–786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.69.6.780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilodeau M, Bisson E, Degrâce D, Després I, Johnson M. Muscle activation characteristics associated with differences in physiological tremor amplitude between the dominant and non-dominant hand. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boroojerdi B, Ferbert A, Foltys H, Kosinski CM, Noth J, Schwarz M. Evidence for a non-orthostatic origin of orthostatic tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66(3):284–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt JM, Constantinidis C, Anstrom KK, Roberts DC, Woodward DJ. Synchronous oscillations and phase reorganization in the basal ganglia during akinesia induced by high-dose haloperidol. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26(7):1912–1924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05813.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes ML, Mastaglia FL, Walters SE, Archer SA, Thickbroom GW. Primary writing tremor: motor cortex reorganisation and disinhibition. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(1):102–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantello R. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in movement disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;19(4):272–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200208000-00003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassim F, Labyt E, Devos D, Defebvre L, Destée A, Derambure P. Relationship between oscillations in the basal ganglia and synchronization of cortical activity. Epileptic Disord. 2002;4(3): S31–S45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviness JN, Shill HA, Sabbagh MN, Evidente VG, Hernandez JL, Adler CH. Corticomuscular coherence is increased in the small postural tremor of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21:492–499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho C, Samkoff LM. A lesion of the anterior thalamus producing dystonic tremor of the hand. Arch Neurol. 2000;Sep;57(9):1353–1355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.57.9.1353

  • Costa J, Henriques R, Barroso C, Ferreira J, Atalaia A, de Carvalho M. Upper limb tremor induced by peripheral nerve injury. Neurology. 2006;67(10):1884–1886. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000244437.31413.2b

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels C, Peller M, Wolff S, Alfke K, Witt K, Gaser C, Jansen O, Siebner HR, Deuschl G. Voxel-based morphometry shows no decreases in cerebellar gray matter volume in essential tremor. Neurology. 2006;67(8):1452–1456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000240130.94408.99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Baron R, Lindemann M, Wilms H, Krack P. The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review. J Neurol. 2000;247(Suppl 5):V33–V48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00007781

  • Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Krack P. The pathophysiology of tremor. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24(6):716–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deuschl G. Dystonic tremor. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003;159(10 Pt 1):900–905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duval C, Strafella AP, Sadikot AF. The impact of ventrolateral thalamotomy on high-frequency components of tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(6):1391–1399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.01.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas Z, Szirmai I, Kamondi A. Impaired rhythm generation in essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1196–1199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FitzGerald PM, Jankovic J. Orthostatic tremor: an association with essential tremor. Mov Disord. 1991;6(1):60–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870060111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flament D, Hore J. Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria. J Neurophysiol. 1986;55(6):1221–1233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flament D, Hore J. Comparison of cerebellar intention tremor under isotonic and isometric conditions. Brain Res. 1988;439(1–2):179–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)91474-6

  • Fukuhara T, Gotoh M, Asari S, Ohmoto T. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with intention tremor. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1994;18(1):45–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-6111(94)90060-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guedj E, Witjas T, Azulay JP, De Laforte C, Peragut JC, Mundler O. Neuroimaging findings in a case of Holmes tremor. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32(2):139–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.rlu.0000251948.30673.4f

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haller S, Winkler DT, Gobbi C, Lyrer P, Wetzel SG, Steck AJ. Prominent activation of the putamen during essential palatal tremor: a functional MR imaging case study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(6):1272–1274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallett M, Dubinsky RM. Glucose metabolism in the brain of patients with essential tremor. J Neurol Sci. 1993;114(1):45–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(93)90047-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday DM, Conway BA, Farmer SF, Shahani U, Russell AJ, Rosenberg JR. Coherence between low-frequency activation of the motor cortex and tremor in patients with essential tremor. Lancet. 2000;355(9210):1149–1153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02064-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hellwig B, Schelter B, Guschlbauer B, Timmer J, Lücking CH. Dynamic synchronisation of central oscillators in essential tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(8):1462–1467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00116-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog J, Hamel W, Wenzelburger R, Pötter M, Pinsker MO, Bartussek J, Morsnowski A, Steigerwald F, Deuschl G, Volkmann J. Kinematic analysis of thalamic versus subthalamic neurostimulation in postural and intention tremor. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 6):1608–1625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm077

  • Hore J, Flament D. Evidence that a disordered servo-like mechanism contributes to tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction. J Neurophysiol. 1986;56(1):123–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hore J, Flament D. Changes in motor cortex neural discharge associated with the development of cerebellar limb ataxia. J Neurophysiol. 1988;60(4):1285–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houdayer E, Devanne H, Tyvaert L, Defebvre L, Derambure P, Cassim F. Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over premotor cortex can improve cortical tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(7):1557–1562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Park JW, Kim WJ, Kim HT, Kim YI, Lee KS. Disappearance of essential tremor after frontal cortical infarct. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1284–1285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch M, Mostert J, Heersema D, De Keyser J. Tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2007;254(2):133–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0296-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köster B, Lauk M, Timmer J, Poersch M, Guschlbauer B, Deuschl G, Lucking CH. Involvement of cranial muscles and high intermuscular coherence in orthostatic tremor. Ann Neurol. 1999;45(3):384–388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(199903)45:3<384::AID-ANA15>3.0.CO;2-J

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köster B, Deuschl G, Lauk M, Timmer J, Guschlbauer B, Lucking CH. Essential tremor and cerebellar dysfunction: abnormal ballistic movements. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:400–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.4.400

  • Kralic JE, Korpi ER, O’Buckley TK, Homanics GE, Morrow AL. Molecular and pharmacological characterization of GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302(3):1037–1045. doi:https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.102.036665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kralic JE, Criswell HE, Osterman JL, O’Buckley TK, Wilkie ME, Matthews DB, Hamre K, Breese GR, Homanics GE, Morrow AL. Genetic essential tremor in gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(3):774–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumru H, Begeman M, Tolosa E, Valls-Sole J. Dual task interference in psychogenic tremor. Mov Disord. 2007;22(14):2077–2082. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ljubisavljevic M, Kacar A, Milanovic S, Svetel M, Kostic VS. Changes in cortical inhibition during task-specific contractions in primary writing tremor patients. Mov Disord. 2006; 21(6):855–859. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llinas R, Paré D. Role of intrinsic neuronal oscillations and network ensembles in the genesis of normal and pathological tremors. In: Handbook of Tremor Disorders. Findley LJ, Koller WC (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York. 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo YL, Louis ED, Fook-Chong S, Tan EK. Impaired motor imagery in patients with essential tremor: a case control study. Mov Disord. 2007;22(4):504–508. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Vonsattel JP, Honig LS, Ross GW, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. Neuropathologic findings in essential tremor. Neurology. 2006;66(11):1756–1759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Zheng W, Mao X, Shungu DC. Blood harmane is correlated with cerebellar metabolism in essential tremor: a pilot study. Neurology. 2007;69(6):515–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000266663.27398.9f

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Louis ED, Faust PL, Vonsattel JP, Honig LS, Rajput A, Robinson CA, Rajput A, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Ross GW, Borden S, Moskowitz CB, Lawton A, Hernandez N. Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 12):3297–3307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm266

  • Malfait N, Sanger TD. Does dystonia always include co-contraction? A study of unconstrained reaching in children with primary and secondary dystonia. Exp Brain Res. 2007;176(2):206–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Málly J, Baranyi M, Vizi ES. Change in the concentrations of amino acids in CSF and serum of patients with essential tremor. J Neural Transm. 1996;103(5):555–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manto MU, Setta F, Legros B, Jacquy J, Godaux E. Resetting of orthostatic tremor associated with cerebellar cortical atrophy by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(12):1497–1500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.12.1497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManis PG, Sharbrough FW. Orthostatic tremor: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Muscle Nerve. 1993;16(11):1254-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880161117

  • Miwa H, Hatori K, Kondo T, Imai H, Mizuno Y. Thalamic tremor: case reports and implications of the tremor-generating mechanism. Neurology. 1996;46(1):75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miwa H. Rodent models of tremor. Cerebellum. 2007;6:66–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14734220601016080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagishima T, Takahashi A, Kikuchi S, Watanabe K, Hirato M, Saito N, Yoshimoto Y. Effect of ventralis intermedius thalamotomy on the area in the sensorimotor cortex activated by passive hand movements: fMR imaging study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2007;85(5): 225–234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000103261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modugno N, Nakamura Y, Bestmann S, Curra A, Berardelli A, Rothwell J. Neurophysiological investigations in patients with primary writing tremor. Mov Disord. 2002;17(6):1336–1340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison S, Newell KM. Inter- and intra-limb coordination in arm tremor. Exp Brain Res. 1996;110(3):455–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison S, Newell KM. Postural and resting tremor in the upper limb. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(4):651–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00302-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nandi D, Aziz TZ, Liu X, Stein JF. Brainstem motor loops in the control of movement. Mov Disord. 2002;17(3):S22–S27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10139

  • Nobrega JC, Campos CR, Limongi JC, Teixeira MJ, Lin TY. Movement disorders induced by peripheral trauma. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2002;60(1):17–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2002000100004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan JD, Rothwell J, Lees AJ, Brown P. Bilaterally coherent tremor resembling enhanced physiological tremor: report of three cases. Mov Disord. 2002;17(2):387–3891. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piboolnurak P, Yu QP, Pullman SL. Clinical and neurophysiologic spectrum of orthostatic tremor: case series of 26 subjects. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1455–1461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto AD, Lang AE, Chen R. The cerebellothalamocortical pathway in essential tremor. Neurology. 2003;60(12):1985–1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollok B, Gross J, Dirks M, Timmermann L, Schnitzler A. The cerebral oscillatory network of voluntary tremor. J Physiol. 2004;554(Pt 3):871–878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Schmaljohann H, Wenzelburger R, Pfister G, Deuschl G. Multiple oscillators are causing parkinsonian and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2000;15(1): 84–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200001)15:1<84::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-K

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Pawlas F, Lindemann M, Wenzelburger R, Deuschl G. Determinants of physiologic tremor in a large normal population. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(10):1825–1837. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00384-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Lemke MR, Lindemann M, Wenzelburger R, Krack P, Deuschl G. Amitryptiline enhances the central component of physiological tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(1):78–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Dümpelmann M, Wenzelburger R, Stolze H, Pfister G, Elger CE, Timmer J, Deuschl G. Corticomuscular coherence in the 6–15 Hz band: is the cortex involved in the generation of physiologic tremor? Exp Brain Res. 2002;142(1):32–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-001-0914-7

  • Raethjen J, Lindemann M, Morsnowski A, Dümpelmann M, Wenzelburger R, Stolze H, Fietzek U, Pfister G, Elger CE, Timmer J, Deuschl G. Is the rhythm of physiological tremor involved in cortico-cortical interactions? Mov Disord. 2004;19(4):458–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Kopper F, Govindan RB, Volkmann J, Deuschl G. Two different pathogenetic mechanisms in psychogenic tremor. Neurology. 2004;63(5):812–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raethjen J, Govindan RB, Kopper F, Muthuraman M, Deuschl G. Cortical involvement in the generation of essential tremor. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(5):3219–3228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00477.2006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Sitte HH, Rajput AH, Fenton ME, Pifl C, Hornykiewicz O. Globus pallidus dopamine and Parkinson motor subtypes. Clinical and brain biochemical correlation. Neurology. 2008;15:1403–1401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000285082.18969.3a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SS, Hofmann LA, Shakil A. Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(12):2046–2054.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadek AH, Rauch R, Schulz PE. Parkinsonism due to manganism in a welder. Int J Toxicol. 2003;22(5):393–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/713936672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler A, Gross J, Timmermann L. Synchronised oscillations of the human sensorimotor cortex. Acta Neurobiol Exp ( Wars). 2000;60(2):271–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel S, Kasprian G, Leutmezer F, Prayer D, Auff E. Disruption of nigrostriatal and cerebellothalamic pathways in dopamine-responsive Holmes’ tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.146324

  • Shams’ili S, Grefkens J, de Leeuw B, van den Bent M, Hooijkaas H, van der Holt B, Vecht C, Sillevis Smitt P. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with antineuronal antibodies: analysis of 50 patients. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1409–1418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg133

  • Sharott A, Marsden J, Brown P. Primary orthostatic tremor is an exaggeration of a physiological response to instability. Mov Disord. 2003;18(2):195–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10324

  • Smith IS. Tremor associated with peripheral neuropathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989;72:41P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel J, Krick C, Fuss G, Sood D, Becker G, Dillmann U. Orthostatic tremor during modification of standing. Mov Disord. 2006;21(2):173–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton SE, Lorden JF. Effect of harmaline on cells of the inferior olive in the absence of tremor: differential response of genetically dystonic and harmaline-tolerant rats. Neuroscience. 1991;41(2–3):543–549. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90347-Q

  • Takanokura M, Sakamoto K. Neuromuscular control of physiological tremor during elastic load. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11(4):CR143–CR152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann L, Gross J, Dirks M, Volkmann J, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A. The cerebral oscillatory network of parkinsonian resting tremor. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 1):199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Topka H, Mescheriakov S, Boose A, Kuntz R, Hertrich I, Seydel L, Dichgans J, Rothwell J. A cerebellar-like terminal and postural tremor induced in normal man by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 8):1551–1562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.8.1551

  • van Rootselaar AF, Maurits NM, Koelman JH, van der Hoeven JH, Bour LJ, Leenders KL, Brown P, Tijssen MA. Coherence analysis differentiates between cortical myoclonic tremor and essential tremor. Mov Disord. 2006;21(2):215–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo RJ, Ochoa JL. Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23(2):198–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vianello M, Morello F, Scaravilli T, Tavolato B, Giometto B. Tremor of the mouth floor and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10(5):513–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener V, Honnorat J, Pandolfo M, Kentos A, Manto MU. Myorhythmia associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Neurol. 2003;250:1382–1384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-0203-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills AJ, Jenkins IH, Thompson PD, Findley LJ, Brooks DJ. A positron emission tomography study of cerebral activation associated with essential and writing tremor. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(3):299–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills AJ, Thompson PD, Findley LJ, Brooks DJ. A positron emission tomography study of primary orthostatic tremor. Neurology. 1996;46(3):747–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilms H, Sievers J, Deuschl G. Animal models of tremor. Mov Disord. 1999 Jul;14(4):557–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagura H, Miyai I, Hatakenaka M, Yanagihara T. Inferior olivary hypertrophy is associated with a lower functional state after pontine hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24(4):369–374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000106984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zappia M, Crescibene L, Bosco D, Arabia G, Nicoletti G, Bagalà A, Bastone L, Napoli ID, Caracciolo M, Bonavita S, Di Costanzo A, Gambardella A, Quattrone A. Anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(1):54–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Palermo, Italy

    Giuliana Grimaldi

  2. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

    Mario Manto

Authors
  1. Giuliana Grimaldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mario Manto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grimaldi, G., Manto, M. (2008). Mechanisms of Tremor. In: Tremor. Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01627-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation