Abstract
The chapter focuses on the approach to international commercial contracts in India. It first explains the features of the Indian legal system in the context of international business law. It then delves into the principles and the rules applying to contract formation, validity, interpretation, contents, performance, non-performance, breach and remedies, and limitation of claims, with reference to the Indian Contract Act of 1872 and the principles laid down by the Indian Supreme Court and the twenty-four High Courts located in State capitals.
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Notes
- 1.
National Thermal Power Corporation v Singer Company AIR 1993 SC 998; Dhanrajamal Gobindram v Shamji Kalidas AIR 1961 SC 1285.
- 2.
The Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015.
- 3.
Debt Recovery Tribunals under the Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act 1993.
- 4.
Lakshminarayan Ramniwas v Compagnia Genovese D’ Esportazione AIR 1960 Cal 545 (Calcutta HC).
- 5.
Far East Steamship Line v Union of India AIR 1973 Mad 169 (Madras HC).
- 6.
Lakshminarain Ramniwas v N V Vereenigde Nederlandsche Scheepraartmaatsehappij AIR 1960 Cal 45 (Calcutta HC).
- 7.
With effect from 23 October 2015.
- 8.
Videocon Industries Ltd v Union of India AIR 2011 SC 2040.
- 9.
Mury Exportation v D Khaitan & Sons AIR 1956 Cal 644 (Calcutta HC).
- 10.
Section 11 of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 11.
Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. Visit https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp.
- 12.
The ICA uses the word ‘proposal’ for an offer.
- 13.
Under Section 3 of the Indian Contract Act, a proposal is communicated by an act or omission of the proposer by which he intends to communicate such proposal, or which has the effect of communicating it.
- 14.
Section 2(a) of the ICA.
- 15.
Article 299 of the Constitution of India.
- 16.
Haji Mohamed Haji Jiva v E Spinner, (1900) 24 Bom 510 (Bombay HC).
- 17.
Explanation to Section 17 of the ICA.
- 18.
Section 23 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 19.
SMV Agencies Pvt Ltd v Cross Country Heritage Hotel, CS (OS) 281/2010 decided on 11 April 2013 (Delhi HC).
- 20.
Referred as ‘NDA’s: Non-disclosure agreements.
- 21.
Geo-Group Communications INC v IOL Broadband Ltd, 2010 AIR SCW 209.
- 22.
Rickmers Verwaltung GmbH v Indian Oil Corporation AIR 1999 SC 504.
- 23.
Section 91 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872: When the terms of a contract … have been reduced to the form of a document, … no evidence shall be given in proof of the terms of such contract … except the document itself ….
- 24.
Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 25.
Rameswar Nathany v Nurul Haq Choudhury AIR 1949 FC 78 (Federal Court).
- 26.
Mukul Dutta Gupta v Indian Airlines Corpn AIR 1962 Cal 311 (Calcutta HC).
- 27.
China Cotton Exporters v Beharilal Ramcharan Cotton Mills Ltd AIR 1961 SC 1295.
- 28.
SMV Agencies Pvt Ltd v Cross Country Heritage Hotel, CS (OS) 281/2010 dec on 11 April 2013 (Delhi HC) (A document titled ‘Basis of Negotiation’).
- 29.
HG Krishna Reddy & Co v MM Thimmiah AIR 1983 Mad 169 (Madras HC).
- 30.
Dresser Rand S A v Bindal Agro Chem Ltd AIR 2006 SC 871; Rajasthan Co-op Dairy Federation Ltd v Maha Laxmi Mingrate Marketing Service Pvt Ltd, (1996) 10 SCC 405.
- 31.
Dresser Rand S A v Bindal Agro Chem Ltd AIR 2006 SC 871 (the letter merely provided that the offer will be kept open).
- 32.
Bhoruka Power Corpn Ltd v State of Haryana AIR 2000 P&H 245 (Punjab and Haryana HC).
- 33.
United Breweries (Holding) Ltd v Karnataka State Industrial Investment AIR 2012 Kant 65 (a mere recommendatory letter) (Karnataka HC).
- 34.
SMV Agencies Pvt Ltd v Cross Country Heritage Hotel, CS (OS) 281/2010 dec on 11 April 2013 (Delhi HC) (an agreement styled as ‘Basis of Negotiation’).
- 35.
Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v Girdharlal Parshottamdas AIR 1966 SC 543.
- 36.
Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327.
- 37.
P R Transport Agency v Union of India AIR 2006 All 23 (Allahabad HC).
- 38.
Section 6(2) of the ICA.
- 39.
Visweswaradas Gokuldas v BK Narayan Singh AIR 1969 SC 1157.
- 40.
Section 11 of the Information Technology Act 2000.
- 41.
Section 85B of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 42.
Section 85A of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 43.
Section 10 of the ICA.
- 44.
The Indian Majority Act 1875.
- 45.
Article 298 of the Constitution of India.
- 46.
Section 2(d) of the ICA.
- 47.
Comr of Wealth-Tax v Abdul Hussain Mulla Muhammad Ali AIR 1988 SC 1417.
- 48.
Para 1 of Section 56 of the ICA.
- 49.
Para 3 of Section 56 of the ICA.
- 50.
Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd v Brojo Nath Ganguly AIR 1986 SC 1571.
- 51.
Since 1 October 2018, specific performance a general, rather than an exceptional, remedy, and is no longer discretionary. See para 7.1.2 below.
- 52.
Reliefs granted under the Specific Relief Act 1963.
- 53.
Section 20 of the ICA.
- 54.
ITC Ltd v George Joseph Fernandes AIR 1989 SC 839.
- 55.
Chandanmull Jhaleria v Clive Mills Co Ltd AIR 1948 Cal 257 (Calcutta HC).
- 56.
AP Kochudevassy v State of Kerala AIR 1982 Ker 90 (Kerala HC).
- 57.
ITC Ltd v George Joseph Fernandes AIR 1989 SC 839.
- 58.
Unilateral mistake: Section 22 of the ICA.
- 59.
Section 18(3) of the ICA.
- 60.
Section 26 of the Specific Relief Act 1963.
- 61.
Section 72 of the ICA.
- 62.
Section 65 of the ICA.
- 63.
Naba Kishore Lal Singh Deo v Panchanan Mahto AIR 1930 Pat 601 (Patna HC).
- 64.
Ningawwa v Byrappa Shiddappa Hireknrabar AIR 1968 SC 956; Dularia Devi v Janardan Singh AIR 1990 SC 1173.
- 65.
Section 18 of the ICA.
- 66.
A comprehensive statute defining general offences in relation to property, human body, currency, etc.
- 67.
Dai-ichi Karkaria Pvt Ltd v Oil and Natural Gas Commission AIR 1992 Bom 309 (Bombay HC).
- 68.
Section 65 of the ICA.
- 69.
Sections 19 and 19A of the ICA.
- 70.
Sorabshah Pestonji v Secretary of State for India AIR 1928 Bom 17 (Bombay HC); RC Thakkar v Gujarat Housing Board AIR 1973 Guj 34 (Gujarat HC).
- 71.
Rabindra N Maitra v Life Insurance Corpn of India AIR 1964 Ca1 141 (Calcutta HC).
- 72.
Rattanchand Hirachand v Askar Nawaz Jung (1991) 3 SCC 67; Renusagar Power Co Ltd v General Electric Co Ltd AIR 1994 SC 860.
- 73.
Asaram v Ludheshwar AIR 1938 Nag 335 ( Nagpur HC: FB).
- 74.
Janardhanan v Sreedharan AIR 1985 Ker 199 (Kerala HC).
- 75.
Sita Ram v Radha Bai AIR 1968 SC 534; Kedar Nath Motani v Prahlad Rai AIR 1960 SC 213.
- 76.
Surasaibalini Debi v Phanindra Mohan Majumdar AIR 1965 SC 1364.
- 77.
Section 27 of the Specific Relief Act 1963.
- 78.
Raptakos Brett And Co Pvt Ltd v Modi Business Centre (Pvt) Ltd AIR 2006 Mad 236 (Madras HC); Gh Mahd Matoo v Gh Rasool Sofi AIR 2005 J&K 48 (Jammu and Kashmir HC).
- 79.
Dara Shapurji v Askarai Begum AIR 1954 Hyd 98 (Hyderabad HC).
- 80.
Kunwar Ram Lal v Nil Kanth (1893) 20 IA 112 (Privy Council).
- 81.
Kunwar Ram Lal v Nil Kanth (1893) 20 IA 112 (Privy Council).
- 82.
Kunwar Ram Lal v Nil Kanth (1893) 20 IA 112 (Privy Council; Ratanchand Hirachand v Askar Nawaz Jung AIR 1976 AP 112 (Andhra Pradesh HC); Kamrunnisa v Pramod Kumar Gupta AIR 1997 MP 106 (Madhya Pradesh HC).
- 83.
The operation of the provisions relating to contingent contracts is not limited to permissions. It applies to any uncertain future event on which performance is dependent.
- 84.
Sections 32 to 36 of the ICA.
- 85.
Chandnee Vidyawali Madden v CL Katyal AIR 1964 SC 978.
- 86.
Ganga Saran v Firm Ram Charon Ram Gopal AIR 1952 SC 9.
- 87.
Hurnandrai Fulchand v Pragdas Budhsen AIR 1923 PC 54 (Privy Council).
- 88.
Rojasara Ramjibhai Dahyabhai v Jani Narottamdas Lallubhai AIR 1986 SC 1912.
- 89.
Motilal v Nanhelal AIR 1930 PC 287 (Privy Council); Nathulal v Phoolchand AIR 1970 SC 546.
- 90.
Nathulal v Phoolchand AIR 1970 SC 546; Motilal v Nanhelal AIR 1930 PC 287 (Privy Council).
- 91.
HPA International v Bhagwandas Fateh Chand Daswani AIR 2004 SC 3858.
- 92.
Section 65 of the ICA.
- 93.
The Law Commission of India, Thirteenth Report, 1958, para 55.
- 94.
Niranjan Shankar Golikari v Century Spg and Mfg Co Ltd AIR 1967 SC 1098.
- 95.
Gujarat Bottling Co Ltd v Coca Cola Co AIR 1995 SC 2372.
- 96.
VFS Global Services (P) Ltd v Suprit Roy (2008) 3 Mah LJ 266 (Bombay HC).
- 97.
Taprogge Gesellschaft mbH v IAEC India Ltd AIR 1988 Bom 157 (Bombay HC); Oakes & Co v Jackson (1876) 1 Mad 134 (Madras HC).
- 98.
Wipro Limited vs Beckman Coulter International 2006 (3) ARBLR 118 Delhi (Delhi HC).
- 99.
Hukmi Chand v Jaipur Rice and Oil Mills Co AIR 1980 Raj 155 (Rajasthan HC).
- 100.
Superintendence Co of India Pvt Ltd v Krishan Murgai AIR 1980 SC 1717.
- 101.
Sections 27 and 28 of the ICA.
- 102.
Dip Narain Singh v Nageshar Prasad AIR 1930 All 1 (Allahabad HC: FB).
- 103.
Section 24 of the ICA; BOI Finance Ltd v Custodian AIR 1997 SC 1952.
- 104.
Set of promises, one legal and other illegal: Section 57 of the ICA; Alternative promises, one legal and the other illegal: Section 58 of the ICA.
- 105.
Under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956: Bank of India Finance Ltd v Custodian AIR 1997 SC 1952.
- 106.
Kristodhone Ghose v Brojo Gobindo Roy (1897) ILR 24 Cal 895 (Calcutta HC).
- 107.
Asaram v Ludheshwar AIR 1938 Nag 335 (Nagpur HC: FB).
- 108.
Hunoomanpersaud Panday v Mussumat Babooee Munraj Koonweree (1856) 6 MIA 392 (Privy Council).
- 109.
Balkishen Das v W F Legge (1899) 27 IA 58 (Privy Council).
- 110.
Dhanrajamal Gobindram v Shamji Kalidas & Co AIR 1961 SC 1285.
- 111.
State Bank of India v Mula Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd AIR 2007 SC 2361.
- 112.
Syed Abdul Khader v Rami Reddy AIR 1979 SC 553.
- 113.
Superintendence Co of India Pvt Ltd v Krishna Murgai AIR 1980 SC 1717.
- 114.
Section 29 of the ICA.
- 115.
General Assurance Society Ltd v Chandmull Jain AIR 1966 SC 1644.
- 116.
Bharati Knitting Co v DHL Worldwide Express Courier Division of Airfreight Ltd AIR 1996 SC 2508.
- 117.
Narsingerji Gyanagerji v Panuganti Parthasaradhi Rayanim Garu (1924) 51 IA 305 (Privy Council); State of Gujarat v Variety Body Builders AIR 1976 SC 2108.
- 118.
China Cotton Exporters v Beharilal Ramcharan Cotton Mills Ltd AIR 1961 SC 1295.
- 119.
Soniram Jeetmull v R D Tata and Co Ltd AIR 1927 PC 156 (Privy Council).
- 120.
R V Narayanaswami Chetti v Soundararajan and Co AIR 1958 Mad 43 (Madras HC).
- 121.
Motilal v Nanhelal AIR 1930 PC 287 (Privy Council); Nathulal v Phoolchand AIR 1970 SC 546.
- 122.
Pragdas Mathuradas v Jeewanlal AIR 1948 PC 217 (Privy Council).
- 123.
HDFC Bank Ltd v Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd AIR 2013 Del 10 (Delhi HC).
- 124.
Devi Prasad Khandelwal & Sons v Union of India AIR 1969 Bom 163 (Bombay HC).
- 125.
Proviso 2 to Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 requires the court to consider the degree of formality of the document.
- 126.
Section 1 of the ICA.
- 127.
Proviso 5 of Section 92 of the Indian Evidenc Act, 1872.
- 128.
Mcdermott International Inc v Burn Standard Co Ltd 2006 AIR SCW 3276.
- 129.
Federal Bank Ltd v V M Jog Engineering Ltd AIR 2000 SC 3166.
- 130.
Article 1 of the Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits provides that these rules apply “when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules”.
- 131.
E.g., The Sale of Goods Act, 1930, the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
- 132.
Provisos 2, 3 and 5 of Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 133.
The division of India into its States is primarily based on languages. Each of the 29 States will have its own official language.
- 134.
Rameswar Nathany v Nurul Haq Choudhury AIR 1949 FC 78 (Federal Court).
- 135.
Krishna Mohan Kul v Pratima Maity AIR 2003 SC 4351.
- 136.
Commissioner of Income-tax Mysore v Shah Mohandas Sadhuram AIR 1966 SC 15.
- 137.
Section 67 of the ICA.
- 138.
Section 53 of the ICA.
- 139.
Section 37 of the ICA.
- 140.
Section 29 of the ICA. Illustration (c) to the section states: “A, who is a dealer in coconut-oil only, agrees to sell to B ‘one hundred tons of oil’. The nature of A’s trade affords an indication of the meaning of the words, and A has entered into a contract for the sale of one hundred tons of coconut-oil”.
- 141.
Section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 142.
Section 152 of the ICA (Separate chapter about bailments).
- 143.
Section 222 of the ICA (Separate chapter about agency).
- 144.
Section 17 of the Carriage by Road Act 2007.
- 145.
Gulabchand Gambhirmal v Kudilal Govindram AIR 1959 MP 15 l (Madhya Pradesh HC); HDFC Bank Ltd v Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd AIR 2013 Del 10 (Dehli HC).
- 146.
Section 9 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 147.
Sohrabji Dhunjibhoy Medora v Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Co Ltd AIR 1946 PC 6 (Privy Council); T V Sundaresan v Provincial Government AIR 1946 Nag 273 (employment) (Nagpur HC); International Oil Co v Indian Oil Co AIR 1969 Mad 423 (distributorship) (Madhya Pradesh HC).
- 148.
Rajasthan Breweries Limited v Stroh Brewery Company AIR 2000 Del 450 (Delhi HC).
- 149.
Her Highness Maharani Shantidevi P Gaikwad v Savjibhai Haribhai Patel AIR 2001 SC 1462.
- 150.
Rowland Ady v Administrator General AIR 1938 PC 198 (Privy Council); Narandas Morardas Galiwala v S P A M Papammal AIR 1967 SC 333.
- 151.
Niranjan Samal v Tirilochan Kuar AIR 1956 Ori 81 (Orissa HC).
- 152.
Proviso (3) to Section 92 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872.
- 153.
Harichand Mancharam v Govind Luxman Gokhale AIR 1923 PC 47 (Privy Council); Hukum Chand v Ram Bahadur Singh AIR 1933 PC 156 (Privy Council).
- 154.
Chapter 3 of the Indian Contract Act 1872 states all provisions relating to contingent contracts.
- 155.
Jaunpur Sugar Factory Ltd Re AIR 1925 All 658 (Allahabad HC).
- 156.
UP Rajkiya Nirman Nigam Ltd v Indure Pvt Ltd AIR 1996 SC 1373.
- 157.
Panem Venkanarayana Sastry v Rajupalli Chinna Yella Reddy AIR 1959 AP 256.
- 158.
They are expressly defined and stated in the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 159.
Chapter 3 of the ICA provides for contingent contracts and their resolution.
- 160.
Ganga Saran v Firm Ram Charan Ram Gopal AIR 1952 SC 9; Hurnandrai Fulchand v Pragdas Budhsen AIR 1923 PC 54 (Privy Council); Navnitlal & Co v Kishanchand & Co AIR 1956 Bom 15 (Bombay HC).
- 161.
Jethalal C Thakkar v RN Kapur AIR 1956 Bom 74 (Bombay HC).
- 162.
All India General Insurance Co Ltd v S P Maheshwari AIR 1960 Mad 484 (Madras HC).
- 163.
Supreme Court or High Court, the principles of whose judgments are binding on subordinate courts.
- 164.
Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 165.
Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 166.
Sections 14(a) and 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 167.
Section 16(1) and (2) of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 168.
Section 14(b) and (c) of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 169.
Tilak Ram v Surat Singh AIR 1938 All 297 (Allahabad HC:FB); Mehdalunnissa Begum v Halimatunissa Begum AIR 1939 Pat 194 (Patna HC); Kaliyammlal v Kolandavela Goundar AIR 1918 Mad 1135 (Madras HC).
- 170.
Secretary of State v Bank of India AIR 1938 PC 191 (Privy Council).
- 171.
Clause 10(2) of Pt III, ch I of the Rules in the Second Schedule of the Carriage by Air Act 1972; Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925, schedule, art. III, entry 5; Multi-Modal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993, s. 12(2); Railways Act, 1989, s. 64.
- 172.
Gajanan Moreshwar Parelkar v Moreshwar Madan Mantri AIR 1942 Bom 302 (Bombay HC); Profulla Kumar Basu v Gopee Bullabh Sen AIR 1946 Cal 159 (Calcutta HC); Ramalingathudayan v Unnamalai Achi AIR 1914 Mad 655 (Madras HC); Abdul Majeed v Abdul Rashid AIR 1936 All 598 (Allahabad HC); Chunibhai Patel v Natha Bhai Patel AIR 1944 Pat 185 (Patna HC).
- 173.
In contracts for sale of goods, Section 11 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930 provides: Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract, stipulations as to time of payment are not deemed to be of the essence of a contract of sale. Whether any other stipulation as to time is of the essence of the contract or not depends on the terms of the contract.
- 174.
Dina Nath Dutt v Mahavir Gupta AIR 1958 Punj 289 (Punjab HC); Ganesh Das-Ishar Das v Ram Nath (1927) 9 Lah 148 (Lahore HC).
- 175.
Firm Kanwar Bhan-Sukha Nand v Firm Ganpat Rai-Ram Jiwan AIR 1926 Lah 318 (Lahore HC).
- 176.
JG Hashman v Lucknow Improvement Trust AIR 1927 Oudh 616 (Oudh HC).
- 177.
Section 38(2) of the ICA. Tender of performance is called ‘offer to perform’ under the ICA.
- 178.
Section 38(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 179.
Behari Lal v Ram Ghulam, (1902) 24 All 461 (Allahabad HC).
- 180.
Section 47 of the ICA.
- 181.
Soniram Jeetmull v R D Tata and Co Ltd AIR 1927 PC 156 (Privy Council).
- 182.
Section 49 of the ICA.
- 183.
Section 36(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1930.
- 184.
Narayandas Shreeram Somani v Sangli Bank Ltd AIR 1966 SC 170.
- 185.
Under Section 40(A)3 of the Income Tax Act 1961, Assessees of income-tax who carry on business are not allowed deduction of any cash expenditure exceeding Rs. 10,000.
- 186.
Under Section 269ST of the Income Tax Act 1961, no person should accept an amount of Rs. 2,00,000 or more, except by an account payee cheque or bank draft or through the electronic clearing system: (i) In aggregate from one person in a day, or (ii) In respect of a single transaction, or (iii) In respect of transactions for one event or occasion from a person. Cash payment exceeding this limit of Rs. 2,00,000 attracts a penalty equal to the amount received.
- 187.
Sohan Singh v Sarwan Singh,, (1996) 5 SCC 759.
- 188.
Renusagar Power Co Ltd v General Electric Co Ltd AIR 1994 SC 860.
- 189.
Forasol v Oil and Natural Gas Commission AIR 1984 SC 241.
- 190.
Sections 59–61 of the ICA.
- 191.
Section 56 of the ICA.
- 192.
Satyabrata Ghose v Mugneeram Bangur & Co AIR 1954 SC 44.
- 193.
Section 20(2)(b) of the Specific Relief Act 1963, a provision repealed in 2018.
- 194.
See para 7.1.2 below.
- 195.
Para 6.1.1 above.
- 196.
Which came into force on 1 October 2018, and will apply to all proceedings filed after this date.
- 197.
Section 10 of the Specific Relief Act 1963.
- 198.
Order 21 rule 32 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908.
- 199.
Section 66 of the ICA.
- 200.
Central Bank of India Ltd v Hartford Fire Insurance Co Ltd AIR 1965 SC 1288; Her Highness Maharani Shantidevi P Gaikwad v Savjibhai Haribhai Patel AIR 2001 SC 1462.
- 201.
Gujarat State Financial Corpn v Lotus Hotels Pvt Ltd AIR 1983 SC 848; Haryana Financial Corporation v Rajesh Gupta AIR 2010 SC 338.
- 202.
Union of India v Maddala Thathiah AIR 1966 SC 1724.
- 203.
Section 73 of the ICA, that follows the principles laid down in the English case of Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341.
- 204.
The Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act 1993, s. 4.
- 205.
Ratanlal Khushalrai v. Brijmohan Pralhadka AIR 1931 Bom 386 (Bombay HC); Raja Ram Doss Bavaji v Gajapathi Krishna Chendra Deo AIR 1933 Mad 729 (Madras HC); Syed Shah Masood Ahmad v. Bikan Mahuri, AIR 1941 Pat 6; Grasim Industries Ltd v Union of India AIR 2011 P&H 32 (Punjab and Haryana HC).
- 206.
Section 34 of the The Code of Civil Procedure 1908.
- 207.
Section 31(7) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.
- 208.
The Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999.
- 209.
InterGlobe Aviation Ltd v N Satchinand (2011) 7 SCC 463.
- 210.
RS Deboo v MV Hindlekar AIR 1995 Bom 68 (Bombay HC); Lily White v R Munuswami AIR 1966 Mad 13 (Madras HC).
- 211.
Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd v Brojo Nath Ganguly AIR 1986 SC 1571.
- 212.
Indian Airlines Corpn v Madhuri Chowdhuri AIR 1965 Cal 252 (Calcutta HC).
- 213.
Ghaziabad Developmeent Authority v Union of India AIR 2000 SC 2003: (2000) 6 SCC 113.
- 214.
Canara Bank v Bhavani Oil Co AIR 2004 Ker 273 (Kerala HC).
- 215.
Federal Chemical Works Ltd v Nutso (Nigeria) Ltd AIR 2001 Del 25 (Delhi HC).
- 216.
BV Nagaraju v Oriental Insurance Co Ltd (1996) 4 SCC 647.
- 217.
Ghaziabad Developmeent Authority v Union of India AIR 2000 SC 2003; National Insurance Co Ltd v Ishar Das Madan Lal AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 508.
- 218.
Bharathi Knitting Co v DHL Worldwide Express Courier Division of Airfreight Ltd AIR 1996 SC 2508.
- 219.
Section 56 of the ICA.
- 220.
Satyabrata Ghose v Mugneeram Bangur & Co AIR 1954 SC 44.
- 221.
Naihati Jute Mills Ltd v Khyaliram Jagannath AIR 1968 SC 522; Satyabrata Ghose v Mugneeram Bangur & Co AIR 1954 SC 44; Sushila Devi v Hari Singh AIR 1971 SC 1756.
- 222.
Sushila Devi v Hari Singh AIR 1971 SC 1756; Satyabrata Ghose v Mugneeram Bangur & Co AIR 1954 SC 44; Ahmad Khan v Shahanshah Jehan Begum AIR 1973 All 529 (Allahabad HC).
- 223.
DL Sooryaprakasalingam Garu v Shaw Trikamlal AIR 1917 Mad 509 (Madras HC).
- 224.
Satyabrata Ghose v Mugneeram Bangur & Co AIR 1954 SC 44; Naihati Jute Mills Ltd v Khyaliram Jagannath AIR 1968 SC 522.
- 225.
Section 65 of the ICA.
- 226.
Alopi Parshad & Sons Ltd v Union of India AIR 1960 SC 588.
- 227.
Afshar MM Tacki v Dharamsey Tricamdas AIR 1947 Bom 98 (Bombay HC); Man Singh v Khazan Singh AIR 1961 Raj 277 (Rajasthan HC).
- 228.
Keshavlal Brothers & Co v Diwan Chand & Co AIR 1923 PC 105 (Privy Council).
- 229.
Boothalinga Agencies v V T C Poriaswami Nadar AIR 1969 SC 110.
- 230.
Section 39 of the ICA.
- 231.
Goculdas Madhavji v Narsu Yenkuji (1889) 13 Bom 630 (Bombay HC).
- 232.
Dhanrajamal Gobindram v Shamji Kalidas & Co AIR 1961 SC 1285.
- 233.
Surjit Kaur v Naurata Singh AIR 2000 SC 2927.
- 234.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd v Motorola India Pvt Ltd AIR 2009 SC 357.
- 235.
Under Section 28 of the ICA.
- 236.
Steel Authority of India Ltd v Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Ltd, 2009 AIR SCW 7191.
- 237.
Indian Drugs and Phrarmaceuticals Ltd v Industrial 0xygen Co Ltd AIR 1985 Bom 186 (Bombay HC).
- 238.
Kailash Nath Associates v Delhi Development Authority (2015) 4 SCC 136.
- 239.
Construction and Design Services v Delhi Development Authority AIR 2015 SC 1282.
- 240.
Kailash Nath Associates v Delhi Development Authority 2015 SCC OnLine SC 19; Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd v SAW Pipes Ltd AIR 2003 SC 2629.
- 241.
Maula Bux v Union of India AIR 1970 SC 1955; Fateh Chand v Balkishan Das AIR 1963 SC 1405; Union of India v Rampur Distillery and Chemicals Co Ltd AIR 1973 SC 1098.
- 242.
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd v SAW Pipes Ltd AIR 2003 SC 2629, (2003) 5 SCC 705; BSNL v Reliance Communication Ltd, (2011) 1 SCC 394.
- 243.
Mcdermott International Inc v Burn Standard Co Ltd, 2006 AIR SCW 3276.
- 244.
State of Tripura v Bina Choudhary AIR 2007 SC 2169.
- 245.
AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros v State of Gujarat AIR 1984 SC 1703.
- 246.
State of Kerala v K Bhaskaran AIR 1985 Ker 49 (Kerala HC).
- 247.
AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros v State of Gujarat AIR 1984 SC 1703.
- 248.
Kishan Lal Kalra v NDMC AIR 2001 Del 402 (Delhi HC).
- 249.
Section 43 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.
- 250.
Section 21 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.
- 251.
Ballpragada Ramamurthy v Thammana Gopayya (1917) 40 Mad 701 (Madras HC); Jawahar Lal v Mathura Prasad AIR 1934 All 661 (Allahabad HC:FB).
- 252.
Section 28 of the ICA.
- 253.
Central Ware Housing Corporation v Ravi Constructions AIR 2013 Kant 18 (Karnataka HC).
- 254.
Section 3 of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 255.
Section 63 of the ICA.
- 256.
Section 25 of the ICA.
- 257.
Section 18 of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 258.
Section 25 of the ICA.
- 259.
Section 19 of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 260.
Section 17 of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 261.
Section 14(1) of the Limitation Act 1963.
- 262.
Section 15(5) of the Limitation Act 1963.
Abbreviations
- AIR:
-
All India Reporter
- ARBLR:
-
Arbitration Law Reporter
- FB:
-
Full Bench
- FC:
-
Federal Court
- HC:
-
High Court
- IA:
-
Indian Appeals
- ICA:
-
Indian Contract Act 1872
- Mah LJ:
-
Maharashtra Law Journal
- MIA:
-
Moores India Appeals
- PC:
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Privy Council
- QB:
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Queen’s Bench
- SC:
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Supreme Court
- SCC:
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Supreme Court Cases
- SCW:
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Supreme Court Weekly
- Supp:
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Supplement
References
Further Reading
Halsbury’s Laws of India (2016) Contracts, 2nd edn, vol 9. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Kannak K, Prakash A (eds) (2019) Ratanlal & Dhirajlal: the law of evidence, 27th edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Markanda PC (ed) (2018) The law of contract, 4th edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Saharay H (2004) Law of carriage of goods by sea and air. Eastern Law House, Kolkata
Sapre A (ed) (2017) Pollock & Mulla: the sale of goods act, 10th edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Sarkar S (ed) (2013) Law of evidence, 18th edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Singh G (2012) Principles of statutory interpretation, 13th edn. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur, New Delhi
Singh R (2016) Law relating to electronic contracts, 2nd edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Vardhan Y, Narayan C (eds) Pollock & Mulla: Indian contract and specific relief acts, 15th edn. Lexis Nexis, New Delhi
Wadhwa D, Rajah N (2009) The law of consumer protection, 2nd edn. Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur, New Delhi
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Asaram v Ludheshwar AIR 1938 Nag 335 ( Nagpur HC : FB)
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Ballpragada Ramamurthy v Thammana Gopayya (1917) 40 Mad 701 (Madras HC)
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Bhadbhade, N. (2022). Indian Report. In: Mancuso, S., Bussani, M. (eds) The Principles of BRICS Contract Law. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 102. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00844-3_6
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