Abstract
Within the context of an open economy with a liberalised electricity market, Chile is searching for a regulatory framework and long-term energy policies capable to bring security of energy supply. Therefore, it has implemented a series of reforms and regulations in the field of energy policy capable of bringing long-term stability to reach foreign investment and strategic cooperation that would allow, in the long term, to provide through the implementation of technologies related to Non-Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE), a native and low-cost source of fuel to achieve energy independence and Security of Energy Supply. So far the efforts have been fruitful and the country has already managed to meet its self-imposed goal of generating 20% of its electricity with NCRE by 2025, while keeping in mind that these advances are only the first part of the road ahead.
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Notes
- 1.
Library of Chilean National Congress: https://www.bcn.cl/siit/nuestropais/index_html.
- 2.
Chile’s oil record production accounted for only 3% of its total oil consumption in 2012 (around 1 thousand barrels per day [kb/d]).
- 3.
IEA, 2014. Energy Supply Security: Emergency Response of IEA Countries 2014, s.l.: Astrid Dumond, Therese Walsh, Barbara Zatlokal.
- 4.
IEA, 2018. Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries - Chile 2018, s.l.: IEA Publications.
- 5.
Mining Council, 2021. Updated Mining Figures, Santiago: Chilean Mining Council.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid., 3.
- 8.
As stated by the Commission of the European Communities the concept of Security of Supply can be understood as the ‘uninterrupted physical availability of energy products on the market, at a price which is affordable for all consumers (private and industrial)’; ‘Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply’, Brussels (29.11.2000), COM(2000) 769 final.
- 9.
Energy Ministry, 2015. Energy Policy for Chile: Energy 2050, Santiago: s.n.
- 10.
CNE, 2016. 2015 Energy Statistical Yearbook Chile, Santiago: s.n.
- 11.
In 2005, natural gas accounted for 22% of Chile’s total domestic installed power generation (CNE, 2016).
- 12.
IEA, 2009. Chile Energy Policy Review 2009, Paris: s.n.
- 13.
See in Spanish: http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=222380.
- 14.
Nasirov, S. A. C. S. C. e. a., 2017. Renewable energy transition: a market-driven solution for the energy and environmental concerns in Chile. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, October.
- 15.
See in Spanish: http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=270212&idParte=0.
- 16.
See in Spanish: http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1008692&idParte=0.
- 17.
Energy Ministry, 2012. National Energy Strategy 2012–2030, Santiago: s.n. See in Spanish: 3_Estrategia-Nacional-de-Energia-2012-2030_Energia-para-el-Futuro.pdf.
- 18.
IEA (n 12).
- 19.
In Chile, the concept of ‘Non-Conventional Renewable Energy’ excludes large hydropower projects from the category, which is conceptualised as a Renewable Energy.
- 20.
See in Spanish: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1055402&idParte=.
- 21.
See in Spanish: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1074277.
- 22.
Pérez-Arriaga, I. J., 2013. Regulation of the Power Sector. Pérez-Arriaga, Ignacio J. ed. s.l.:Springer-Verlag London.
- 23.
See in Spanish: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1092695.
- 24.
Energy Ministry (n 9). See in Spanish: http://biblioteca.digital.gob.cl/handle/123456789/611.
- 25.
Energy Ministry (n 5).
- 26.
See in Spanish: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1125560&idParte=9968877.
- 27.
For a complete review to the regulatory energy framework in Spanish, access the following link: https://energia.gob.cl/mapa-del-sector-energetico.
- 28.
ACERA, 2021. Statistics Generation Sector Renewable Electrical Energy, s.l.: s.n.
- 29.
ACERA, 2021. Statistics Generation Sector Renewable Electrical Energy, s.l.: s.n.
- 30.
CNE, 2021. Energy Sector Report March 2021, Santiago: s.n.
- 31.
Government of Chile, 2020. Decree N°50, Santiago: s.n.
- 32.
COCHILCO, 2020. Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activity, at Current Prices, Santiago: s.n.
- 33.
Energy Ministry, 2020. National Green Hydrogen Strategy, Santiago: Energy Ministry of Chile.
- 34.
Hydrogen produced with low-cost renewable energy.
- 35.
Energy Ministry, 2020. National Green Hydrogen Strategy, Santiago: Energy Ministry of Chile.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Ibid., 4.
- 38.
Salinas Quintana, P., 2018. The Environmental Path: Challenges and Projections for a Future Chile, Santiago: s.n.
- 39.
Energy Ministry, 2020. National Green Hydrogen Strategy, Santiago: Energy Ministry of Chile.
- 40.
Energy Ministry (n 35).
- 41.
Located in the extreme south of the national territory. It is located in the southwestern part of the continent from 48° 36′ to 56° 30′ south latitude and between meridians 66° 25′ and 75° 40′ west longitude: Library of Chilean National Congress: https://www.bcn.cl/siit/nuestropais/region12.
- 42.
Energy Ministry (n 35).
- 43.
Energy Ministry, 2020. National Green Hydrogen Strategy, Santiago: Energy Ministry of Chile.
- 44.
Energy Ministry (n 35).
- 45.
COCHILCO, 2018. Forecast for water consumption in the copper mining Industry, 2018–2029, Santiago: s.n.
- 46.
IRENA, 2020. Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050, Abu Dhabi: s.n.
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Zamorano, A. (2022). Searching for Security of Energy Supply Through Renewable Energy Sources: A Practical Overview of the Chilean Case. In: Wood, G., Neira-Castro, J.F. (eds) From Fossil Fuels to Low Carbon Energy Transition. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00299-1_4
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