Abstract
The final chapter examines the question of why the portrait might have been thought to be of Charles Edward when the consensus is that it does not look like him. It considers the possibility that a painting of an anonymous Polish youth was presented as Charles Edward to cash in on the growing market in the early nineteenth century for Jacobite relics. Finally, it looks at the possibility that the portrait was painted in the nineteenth century to take advantage of the explosion of public interest in Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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- 1.
Heinz Archive: NPG 1929.
- 2.
Bahr, Herman. 1996. Tagebücher, Skizzenbücher, Notizhefte. Personnen- und Werkverzeichnis, ii 1890–1900. Ed. Zand, Helene, Mayerhofer, Lukas & Moser, Lottelis. Vienna: Böhlau, 212, 297, 299.
- 3.
Katalog der gräflich von Schönborn’schen Bilder-Gallerie zu Pommersfelden. 1857. Würzburg: Friedrich Ernst Thein. Neither does it appear in Gallerie des Grafen zu Schönborn-Wiesentheid zu Pommersfelden in Gagern. 53 Blatt nach den Orignialgemälden photographirt. (Munich, 1867).The best pieces from the collections of the Schönborn-Buchheim family were gifted to the Residenzgalerie in Salzburg in 1956: Salzburger Residenzgalerie mit Sammlung Schörnborn-Buchheim. 1975. Salzburg: Residenzgalerie, 15. There is no record of any painting that might match the Polish portrait.
- 4.
Oswald Barron to Gery Cullum, London, 9 November 1918: Papers of Gery Milner-Gibson Cullum, Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds, E2/44/69.
- 5.
The title had been abolished in 1795 when the sovereign duchy was annexed by revolutionary France. The duchy was revived, though not as a sovereign state, in 1814, when part of its former territory was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. The la Tour d’Auvergne family had died out in the male line, and the title was conferred upon Louis Victor’s older brother by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
- 6.
Hof- und Staats-Schematismus des Österreichischer Kaiserthums. 1811. Vienna: K.u.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerey, 773. For Franz Erwein von Schönborn see Bott, Katherina. 1993. Ein Deutscher Kunstsammler zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Franz Erwein von Schönborn (1776–1840) Alfter: Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften.
- 7.
Nicholson 2002, 34.
- 8.
Exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart, no. 156, 54.
- 9.
Farrer 1908, 161.
- 10.
Turnau, Irena. 1999. Słownik ubiorów. Tkaniny, wyroby pozatkackie, skóry, broń i klejnoty oraz barwy znane w Polsce od Średniowiecza do początku XIX w. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe “Semper”, 21.
- 11.
Koutny-Jones, Alexandra. 2008. Echoes of the East: Glimpses of the Orient in British and Polish-Lithuanian portraiture of the eighteenth century. In Ungar, Richard, ed. Britain and Poland-Lithuania. Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 414.
- 12.
I am grateful to Rab MacGibbon for drawing my attention to this painting, which is now in Sizergh Castle, Cumbria, the home of the Strickland family: http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/998444
- 13.
Ribiero, Aileen. 1984a. Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 140–86.
- 14.
Ribeiro, Aileen. 1984b. The Dress Worn at Masquerades in England 1730 to 1790, and its Relation to Fancy Dress in Portraiture. London & New York: Garland Publishing, appendix II, 420–7.
- 15.
Możdżyńska-Nawotka , Małgorzata. 2020. “Dressed “as if for a Carnival”: Solving the Mystery of the Origins of Children’s Fashion. A New Perspective on the History and Historiography of Children’s Dress, Textile History 51/1, 14.
- 16.
Koutny-Jones 2008, 412.
- 17.
Możdżyńska-Nawotka 2020, 10–13; 18–23.
- 18.
Gołębiowska, Zofia. 2001. Jane Porter—angielska (sic) admiratorka Tadeusza Kościuszki. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Składowska Lublin—Polonia vol. LVI Sectio F, 7–23.
- 19.
See Butterwick, Richard. 1998. Poland’s Last King and English Culture. Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- 20.
Gmerek, Katarzyna. 2021. Kolekcja polska w Bibliotece Notariuszy w Edynburgu i jej ofiarodawcy. In Projektowanie niepodległości i dziedzictwo polszczyzny. W stulecie odzyskania niepodległości. Ed. Ratajczak, Wiesław & Osiewicz, Marek. Poznań: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne, 91–109.
- 21.
The best and most detailed account of changing British opinion with regard to Poland is Cybowski, Miłosz K. 2016. The Polish Questions in British Politics and Beyond, 1830–1847. Doctoral thesis, History, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/403552/. The reaction to the November Rising is covered extensively in chapter four, 91–130.
- 22.
Gmerek, Katarzyna. 2013. Scotland in the eyes of two Polish lady travellers. In Scotland in Europe/Europe in Scotland Links—Dialogues—Analogies, ed. Szymańska Izabela & Korzeniowska, Aniela. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe “Semper”, 1–4. The original manuscript of the journal, written mostly in French, is in the Czartoryski Library in Cracow, which was founded by Izabela.
- 23.
Gmerek 2021, 97.
- 24.
On the advice of Edward Corp, the following identifications were changed in the Spanton-Jarman online catalogue of Hardwick portraits: K505-2987, previously catalogued as unknown man is a copy of one of the Belle portraits of James III painted in France between 1708 and 1712, or more likely an engraving of one of those portraits; K505-2988, previously catalogued as unknown lady, is a copy of a 1719 David portrait of Clementina Sobieska; K505-3094, previously catalogued as a young lady is not a lady at all, but a copy of an engraving based on David’s 1723 portrait of Charles Edward as a young boy, K505-3781, catalogued as an unknown gentleman is probably James II; K505-3787, previously catalogued as James Francis Edward Stuart (i.e., James III and VIII) is actually a copy of one of the two 1740 Dupra portraits of Charles.
- 25.
Trevor-Roper , Hugh. 2008. The Invention of Scotland. Myth and History, 218–9. New Haven, MA: Yale University Press. Nicholson 2002, 110.
- 26.
Trevor-Roper 2008, 221–2. Stuart, John Sobieski. 1842. Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douai. Edinburgh: William Tait. Stuart, John Sobieski Stolberg & Stolberg Stuart, Charles Edward. 1845. The Costumes of the Clans. Edinburgh: J. Menzies.
- 27.
Stuart, John Sobieski & Stuart, Charles Edward. 1847. Tales of the Century, or Sketches of the Romance of History between the Years 1746 and 1846. Edinburgh: Marshall.
- 28.
Quarterly Review, vol. 81 (June–September, 1847), 57–85.
- 29.
Holder, Julie. 2019. The Sobieski-Stuarts and the Garderobe of Scotland. History Scotland, 19/5 (Sept–Oct 2019).
- 30.
Cheape, Hugh. 2016. Gheibhte breacain charnaid (“scarlet tartans would be got…”): the re-invention of tradition. In Brown, Ian, ed. From Tartan to Tartanry. Scottish Culture, History and Myth. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 15, 22.
- 31.
Anon. 1837. The Polish Fancy Ball. The Caledonian Mercury 18 February 1837.
- 32.
Trevor-Roper 2008, 220.
- 33.
Beveridge, Hugh. 1909. The Sobiesk- Stuarts and their Claim to be descended from Prince Charlie. Inverness: Robert Carruthers, 95–6.
- 34.
Nicholson 2002, 117.
- 35.
Nicholson 2002, 109.
Bibliography
Heinz Archive, National Portrait Gallery, London
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Secondary Sources
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Gmerek, Katarzyna. 2021. Kolekcja polska w Bibliotece Notariuszy w Edynburgu i jej ofiarodawcy. In Projektowanie niepodległości i dziedzictwo polszczyzny. W stulecie odzyskania niepodległości. Ed. Ratajczak, Wiesław & Osiewicz, Marek, 91–109. Poznań: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne.
Koutny-Jones, Alexandra. 2008. Echoes of the East: Glimpses of the Orient in British and Polish-Lithuanian portraiture of the eighteenth century. In Ungar, Richard, ed. Britain and Poland-Lithuania. Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795, 401–19. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Możdżyńska-Nawotka, Małgorzata. 2020. ‘Dressed “as if for a Carnival”: Solving the Mystery of the Origins of Children’s Fashion. A New Perspective on the History and Historiography of Children’s Dress’, Textile History 51/1 (2020), 5–28.
Nicholson, Robin. 2002. Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth. A Study in Portraiture 1720–1892. Cranbury, NJ, & London: Associated University Presses.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 2008. The Invention of Scotland. Myth and History. New Haven, MA: Yale University Press.
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Frost, R.I. (2022). The Embellishment of Tradition. In: The Polish Portrait of Bonnie Prince Charlie. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99936-0_7
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