Abstract
Meardon & Ortmann—building on a detailed analysis of Adam Smith’s enumeration of five classes of passions—formalized the idea of the acquisition of self-command, the central construct of Smith’s first major book, his TMS, with a numeric example that ties the principal’s (Man Tomorrow) and agent’s (Man Today) actions to their respective payoffs. They show that this game can be framed game-theoretically as an interaction between the two protagonists battling it out within (wo)man. It turns out that the game between speaker(s) or writer(s) and listener(s) or reader(s) is essentially the same as that between the two inner selves that struggle with the passions, i.e., an internal reputation game.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Change history
05 January 2023
A correction has been published.
Notes
- 1.
Emphasis added. The New York Times, 27 March 1994, Section 9, pp. I, 8.
- 2.
Ortmann and Meardon (1995b) provides an overview of this paper and Ortmann and Meardon (1993, 1995a). The latter two papers bring similar game-theoretic approaches to bear on the evolution of the general rules of morality in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and problems of public goods provision and externalities in The Wealth of Nations.
- 3.
- 4.
Passions are sensations, feelings, or emotions—Smith often uses these terms synonymously—that are excited by some external action or occurrence.
- 5.
Few of the general rules of morality are ever put in writing—they are informal rules learned by similar example, based on an implicit understanding of what is proper and improper. Morality, for the most part, cannot be legislated for the same reason that high quality of goods cannot be legislated-third-party enforcement costs are simply too high. It is the common knowledge and general acceptance of general rules which constitutes the social fabric; without it, society could not exist.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
Note that for the Man Yesterday, the proper choice is associated with praiseworthiness and the improper choice is associated with blame-worthiness; for the Man Today, the diagonal entries are associated with praise-worthiness and the off-diagonal entries are associated with blame-worthiness. The upper-left cell lies at the inter section of praise-worthy choices for both players; this cell represents respect for the general rules of morality. The lower-left cell lies at the intersection of blame-worthy choices for both players and defines the breakdown in social fabric. As Smith tells us, the “very existence of human society” depends upon the game’s outcome gravitating toward the upper-left cell (1982, 163). Such gravitation is the evolutionary bedrock upon which rests the period-by-period calculation in the game of self-command.
- 9.
A closely related parameterization can be found in Friedman (1991) and Pitchik and Schotter (1987). Their parameterization leads to a mixed strategy equilibrium in one-shot games. If monitoring costs are high and the temptation to provide low quality is strong, the mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium will approach the one to be identified presently.
- 10.
Meaning that the row player will react to the column player’s choice of “real” by choosing “improper” forever afterward, and similarly the column player will react to the row player’s choice of “improper” by forever choosing “real.” In this way, the column player protects himself from any future damaging (improper, routine) outcomes; he also punishes the row player, denying him the higher payoffs he could earn from (proper, routine) or (improper, routine) outcomes.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
References
Barro RG (1990) Macroeconomic Policy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Becker GS (1993) The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior. J Polit Econ 101(3):385–409
Binmore K (1990) Essays on the Foundations of Game Theory. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge
Brennan TJ (1989) A Methodological Assessment of Multiple Utility Frameworks. Econ Philos 5(2):198–208
Coleman JS (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge
——— (1993) The Rational Reconstruction of Society. Am Sociol Rev 58(1):1–15
Elster J (1985) Weakness of the Will and the Free-rider Problem. Econ Philos 1(2):231–265
Etzioni A (1986) The Case for a Multiple-utility Conception. Econ Philos 2(2):159–183
Friedman D (1991) Evolutionary Games in Economics. Econometrica 59(3):637–666
Harrison GW (1992) Theory and Misbehavior of First Prize Auctions: Reply. Am Econ Rev 82(5):1426–1443
Hoffman E, McCabe K, Smith V (1993) Further Results on Dictator and Ultimatum Games. Working Paper, University of Arizona
Hoffman E, McCabe K, Shachat K, Smith V (1994) Preferences, Property Rights, and Anonymity in Bargaining Games. Games Econ Behav 7(3):346–380
Holmstroem BR, Tirole J (1989) The Theory of the Firm. In: Schmalensee Rm Willig RD (eds) Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol 1. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 66–133
Kavka GS (1991) Is Individual Choice less Problematic than Collective Choice? Econ Philos 7(2):143–165
——— (1993) Internal Prisoner’s Dilemma Vindicated. Econ Philos 9(1):171–174
Kreps DM (1990) Game Theory and Economic Modelling. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Kreps DM, Milgrom P, Roberts J, Wilson R (1982) Rational Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma. J Econ Theory 27(2):245–252
Lutz MA (1993) The Utility of Multiple Utility: A Comment on Brennan. Econ Philos 9(1):145–154
Mansbridge JJ (1990) Beyond Self-interest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Marwell G, Ames RE (1979) Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free Rider Problem. Am J Sociol 84(6):1335–1360
——— (1980) Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. II. Provision Points, Stakes, Experience and the Free Rider Problem. Am J Sociol 85(4):926–937
——— (1981) Economists Free Ride, Does Anyone Else? J Public Econ 15(3):295–310
Ortmann A, Meardon SJ (1993) A Game-theoretic Re-evaluation of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. Working Paper, Bowdoin College
——— (1995a) Adam Smith on the Origin and Evolution of Moral Sentiments: A Gametheoretic Re-evaluation. Mimeo, Bowdoin College
——— (1995b) A Game-theoretic Re-evaluation of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations. In: Rima I (ed) The Classical Tradition in Economic Thought. Edward Elgar Pubilshing, Brookfield, pp 43–61
Ortmann A, Tichy L (1995) Understanding Gender Effects in the Laboratory: Two Hypotheses, a Double-blind Design, and Experimental Results. Working Paper, Bowdoin College
Ostrom E (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pitchik C, Schotter A (1987) Honesty in a Model of Strategic Information Transmission. Am Econ Rev 77(5):1032–1036
Rasmusen E (1989) Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge
Sally D (1995) Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: A Meta-analysis of Experiments from 1958 to 1992. Ration Soc 7(1):58–92
Schelling TC (1978) Egonomics, or the Art of Self-Management. Am Econ Rev 68(2):290–294
——— (1984) Self-command in Practice, in Policy, and in a Theory of Rational Choice. Am Econ Rev 74(2):1–11
Sen AK (1977) Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory. Philos Public Aff 6(4):317–345
Smith A (1982) [1759] The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In: Raphael DD, Macfie AL (eds) Liberty Classics, Indianapolis
——— (1937) [1776] An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In: Cannan E (ed) The Modem Library, New York
Smith V (1991) Rational Choice: The Contrast Between Economics and Psychology. J Polit Econ 99(4):877–897
Smith V, Walker JM (1993) Monetary Rewards and Decision Cost in Experimental Economics. Econ Inq 31(2):245–261
Tirole, J (1988) The Theory of Industrial Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge
Yezer, AM, Goldfarb RS, Poppen PJ (1996) Does Studying Economics Discourage Cooperation? Watch What We Do, Not What We Say or How We Play. J Econ Perspect 10(1):177–186
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge with thanks the permission granted by Oxford University Press to cite from Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (1976). We thank participants at the 1993 H.E.S. meetings and 1994 A.E.A. meetings for comments and suggestions that improved this paper. The usual disclaimer applies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meardon, S.J., Ortmann, A. (2022). Self-Command in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments: A Game-Theoretic Reinterpretation. In: Adam Smith’s System . Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99704-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99704-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-99703-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-99704-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)