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Other Situations of Concern

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State Responses to Crimes of Genocide

Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence ((RPV))

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Abstract

Low Hill is a neighbourhood in inner city Liverpool. While still a student, Lord Alton was elected to represent it as a City Councillor and for 25 years continued to do so as a City Councillor or Member of Parliament.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Times, ‘Mr. Gladstone on the Armenian question’ The Times (25 September 1896).

  2. 2.

    William E. Gladstone, Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East (John Murray: London, 1876) 31.

  3. 3.

    Speech in West Calder, Scotland (27 November 1879), quoted in William E. Gladstone, Midlothian Speeches 1879 (Leicester University Press, 1971) 116–117.

  4. 4.

    F. W. Hirst, ‘Gladstone’s Fourth Premiership and Final Retirement 1892–1897’ in Wemys Reid (ed.), the Life of William Ewar Gladstone (Cassell and Company Limited: London, 1899) 734.

  5. 5.

    Facing History and Ourselves, Crimes Against Humanity and Civilization. The Genocide of the Armenians (History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc.: Brookline, MA, 2004) 35.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    William E. Gladstone, Speech on 6 August 1895 cited in Richard B. Cook, The Grand Old Man (Publishers’ Union, 1898).

  9. 9.

    Ibid.

  10. 10.

    Liverpool Daily Post, 24/25 September 1896.

  11. 11.

    William E. Gladstone, Speech of 24 September 1896.

  12. 12.

    Ibid.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    William E. Gladstone, Speech of 24 September 1896.

  17. 17.

    Jakub Bijak and Sarah Lubman, The Disputed Numbers: In Search of the Demographic Basis for Studies of Armenian Population Losses, 1915–1923 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) 26–43.

  18. 18.

    Maike Lehmann, ‘Apricot Socialism: The National Past, the Soviet Project, and the Imagining of Community in Late Soviet Armenia’ (2015) 74 Slavic Review 9–31.

  19. 19.

    Armenpress, ‘Glance back at Pope John Paul’s 2001 visit to Armenia’ Armenpress (24 June 2016). Available at: https://armenpress.am/eng/news/852045/glance-back-at-pope-john-paulE28099s-2001-visit-to-armenia.html.

  20. 20.

    See: www.davidalton.net. Discussion with Lord Alton in 2007.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Maria Jaconsen, Diaries of a Danish Missionary: Harpoot, 1907–1919 (Gomidas Institute: Princeton, 2001).

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    Arnold Toynbee, Experiences (1969) 241.

  26. 26.

    Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis. Volume 5. The Aftermath (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1929). ‘The opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race opposed to all Turkish ambitions, cherishing national ambitions that could only be satisfied at the expense of Turkey, and planted geographically between Turkish and Caucasian Moslems. It may well be that the British attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula stimulated the merciless fury of the Turkish Government. Even, thought the Pan-Turks, if Constantinople were to fall and Turkey lost the war, the clearance would have been effected and a permanent advantage for the future of the Turkish race would be granted.’

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Asbarez, ‘Erdogan Defends al-Bashir, Says Muslims Incapable of Genocide’ Asbarez (9 November 2009). Available at: http://asbarez.com/73093/erdogan-defends-al-bashir-says-muslims-incapable-of-genocide/.

  29. 29.

    Demetrios Ioannou, ‘‘Bad news’ for Turkey’s marginalized Christians’ Politico (5 August 2020). Available at: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/turkey-christians-hagia-sophia-392125.

  30. 30.

    Dorian Jones, ‘Turkey Battles Criticism Over Decision to Turn Hagia Sophia Into Mosque’ VOA (22 July 2020). Available at: https://www.voanews.com/europe/turkey-battles-criticism-over-decision-turn-hagia-sophia-mosque.

  31. 31.

    Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophilus III cited in ICN, ‘Christian responses to conversion of Hagia Sophia into mosque’ ICN (27 July 2020). Available at: https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/40116.

  32. 32.

    Patrick Cockburn, ‘Erdogan’s ethnic cleansing of the Kurds is still happening now—and we have Trump to thank’ The Independent (15 November 2019). Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/erdogan-turkey-kurds-border-syria-war-trump-ethnic-cleansing-a9204581.html.

  33. 33.

    See for example: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_pv_8645.pdf.

  34. 34.

    Adolf Hitler, Speech, 22 August 1939. Cited in Louis P. Lochner, What About Germany? (Dodd, Mead & Co.: New York, 1942) 1–4.

  35. 35.

    Mustafa Karatepe, ‘The role of Turkish physicians in the vaccination against typhus during the years of World War I’ (2008) 42 Mikrobiyol Bul.

  36. 36.

    House of Commons Deb, 24 May 2016, c411.

  37. 37.

    Lindsay Wise, ‘House Passes Resolution Commemorating Armenian Genocide’ WSJ (29 October 2019). Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-passes-resolution-commemorating-armenian-genocide-11572385514.

  38. 38.

    Bishop of Truro Review, ‘Independent Review for the UK Foreign Secretary of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Support for Persecuted Christians’ (2019). Available at: https://christianpersecutionreview.org.uk/.

  39. 39.

    Cited in ACN, ‘The future of Christians in Iraq, five years after ISIS invasion’ (12 August 2019). Available at: https://www.churchinneed.org/the-future-of-christians-in-iraq-five-years-after-isis-invasion/.

  40. 40.

    Stefan Zweig, ‘The World of Yesterday—Memoirs of a European’ (Pushkin Press, 2011).

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    More on the issue, see: Melanie O’Brien and Suren Manukyan, ‘Genocide Risk in Nagorno-Karabakh’ (2021) International Law under Construction. Available at: https://grojil.org/2021/01/04/genocide-risk-in-nagorno-karabakh/.

  43. 43.

    The Guardian, ‘Post-soviet world: what you need to know about Armenia’ The Guardian (9 June 2014). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/09/-sp-post-soviet-world-need-to-know-armenia.

  44. 44.

    Elisabeth Bauer-Manndorff, Armenia: Past and Present (Armenian Prelacy: New York, 1981) 178.

  45. 45.

    George Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian People (Mazda Publishers: Costa Mesa, California, 2006) 323.

  46. 46.

    Christopher J. Walker, Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (St. Martin’s Pres: New York, 1990) 368.

  47. 47.

    The Guardian, ‘Nagorno-Karabakh: Azeri-Armenian ceasefire agreed in disputed region’ The Guardian (5 April 2016). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/05/nagorno-karabakh-azeri-armenian-ceasefire-agreed.

  48. 48.

    OSCE, The Minsk Group. Available at: https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/108306.

  49. 49.

    Genocide Watch, ‘Turkey: Erdogan uses “Leftovers of the Sword” anti-Christian hate speech’ Genocide Watch (11 May 2020). Available at: https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/05/11/turkey-erdogan-uses-leftovers-of-the-sword-anti-christian-hate-speech.

  50. 50.

    BBC, ‘Armenia and Azerbaijan fight over disputed Nagorno-Karabakh’ BBC News (27 September 2020). Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54314341.

  51. 51.

    Andrew E. Kramer, ‘Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?’ New York Times (21 January 2021). Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/article/armenian-azerbaijan-conflict.html.

  52. 52.

    John Irish and Michal Rose, ‘France accuses Turkey of sending Syrian jihadists to Nagorno-Karabakh’ Reuters (1 October 2020). Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-armenia-azerbaijan-putin-macron-idUSKBN26L3SB.

  53. 53.

    HART, ‘Update on the Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh)’ (2 November 2020). Available at: https://www.hart-uk.org/news/update-on-the-conflict-in-nagorno-karabakh-artsakh/.

  54. 54.

    BBC, ‘Nagorno-Karabakh: Armenia accuses Azerbaijan of targeting cathedral’ BBC News (8 October 2020). Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54465172.

  55. 55.

    Amnesty International, ‘Armenia/Azerbaijan: Civilians must be protected from use of banned cluster bombs’ (5 October 2020). Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/10/armenia-azerbaijan-civilians-must-be-protected-from-use-of-banned-cluster-bombs/.

  56. 56.

    Alexander Gabuev, ‘Viewpoint: Russia and Turkey—unlikely victors of Karabakh conflict’ BBC (12 November 2020) Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54903869.

  57. 57.

    Baroness Cox, Statement of 10 November 2020. See: https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/the-uk-government-must-change-tack-and-urgently-bring-to-justice-those-responsible-for-war-crimes-against-the-armenian-people.

  58. 58.

    Genocide Watch, ‘Genocide Emergency Alert on the War in Artsakh’ (6 November 2020). Available at: https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-on-the-war-in-artsakh-nagorno-karabakh.

  59. 59.

    Ibid.

  60. 60.

    Genocide Museum, ‘Statement from a group of Genocide scholars on the Imminent Genocidal Threat deriving from Azerbaijan and Turkey against Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).’ Available at: http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/23.10.2020.php.

  61. 61.

    Geoffrey Robertson, ‘Was There an Armenian Genocide?’ (2010) 4 University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy 106.

  62. 62.

    Adolf Hitler, Speech, 22 August 1939. Cited in Louis P. Lochner, What About Germany? (Dodd, Mead & Co.: New York, 1942) 1–4.

  63. 63.

    Cited in Yair Auron, Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide (Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, N.J., 2000) 296–300.

  64. 64.

    Cited in BBC, ‘Prince Charles says Christian persecution in Middle East “a tragedy”’ BBC (4 November 2014). Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29899571.

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    David Hawk, ‘The Hidden Gulag’ (2003).

  67. 67.

    David Hawk, ‘The Hidden Gulag IV’ (2015) 3.

  68. 68.

    BBC, ‘Access to Evil’ BBC (1 February 2004). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/02_february/01/korea.shtml.

  69. 69.

    House of Lords Deb, 3 February 2004, c547.

  70. 70.

    House of Lords Deb, 21 April 2004, c292.

  71. 71.

    David Alton and Rob Chidley, Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea? (Lion Hudson, 2013) 118.

  72. 72.

    House of Lord Deb, 19 December 2006, c1963.

  73. 73.

    Lord Alton and Baroness Cox of Queensbury, ‘Building Bridges, Not Walls: The Case for Constructive, Critical Engagement with North Korea’ (2010). Available at: http://www.jubileecampaign.org/BuildBridgesNotWalls.pdf.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., 29.

  75. 75.

    UN Human Rights Council, ‘Situation of human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’, 9 April 2013, A/HRC/RES/22/13. Available at: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/a_hrc_res_22_13.pdf.

  76. 76.

    Ibid., 5.

  77. 77.

    UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 7 February 2014, A/HRC/25/CRP.1, 1164.

  78. 78.

    UN Human Rights Council, Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 7 February 2014, A/HRC/25/CRP.1, 1164.

  79. 79.

    Ibid., 1158.

  80. 80.

    Ibid., 1159.

  81. 81.

    The Selected Works of Kim Il-sung, Vol 5 (Publisher of Workers’ Party of Korea, 1972) 154.

  82. 82.

    House of Lords Deb, 13 March 2003, c1548.

  83. 83.

    UN Commission of Inquiry, ‘Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’ (2014) UN Doc. A/HRC/25/CRP.1.

  84. 84.

    Ibid.

  85. 85.

    Bishop of Truro Review, ‘Independent Review for the UK Foreign Secretary of Foreign and Commonwealth Office Support for Persecuted Christians’ (2019).

  86. 86.

    UN Commission of Inquiry, ‘Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’ (2014) UN Doc. A/HRC/25/CRP.1.

  87. 87.

    UN Commission of Inquiry, ‘Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’ (2014) UN Doc. A/HRC/25/CRP.1.

  88. 88.

    Hogan Lovells, ‘Independent Report Finds Evidence of Genocide in North Korea.’ Available at: https://www.hoganlovells.com/en/news/independent-report-finds-evidence-of-genocide-in-north-korea.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    See: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed.

  91. 91.

    PNQ, 24 November 2020, c135.

  92. 92.

    Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, ‘Preliminary Report (November 2020). Available at: https://ethiopia.me.uk/grave-human-rights-violation-in-maikadra/.

  93. 93.

    OQ, 2 December 2020, c735.

  94. 94.

    AFP, ‘Ethiopian Red Cross says 80 percent of Tigray cut off from aid’ Yahoo News (10 February 2021). Available at: https://news.yahoo.com/ethiopian-red-cross-says-80-142529026.html?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=tw&tsrc=twtr.

  95. 95.

    Ibid.

  96. 96.

    Cara Anna, ‘“Horrible”: Witnesses recall massacre in Ethiopian holy city’ Associated Press (18 February 2021). Available at: https://apnews.com/article/witnesses-recall-massacre-axum-ethiopia-fa1b531fea069aed6768409bd1d20bfa.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    UN News, ‘UNHCR relocates victims of Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict to new site in Sudan’ UN News (5 January 2021). Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1081422.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    UN News, ‘Statement by the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide, Alice Wairimu Nderitu, on the situation in Ethiopia’ UN Press Release(5 February 2021). Available at: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/Statement%20on%20Ethiopia%205%20Feb%2021.pdf.

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

  102. 102.

    Zecharias Zelalem, ‘“You should have finished off the survivors”: Ethiopian army implicated in brutal war crime video’ The Telegraph (19 February 2021). Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/19/should-have-finished-survivors-ethiopian-army-implicated-brutal/.

  103. 103.

    US State Department, ‘Atrocities in Ethiopia’s Tigray Region’ (27 February 2021). Available at: https://www.state.gov/atrocities-in-ethiopias-tigray-region/.

  104. 104.

    Barbara Arvanitidis, Nima Elbagir, Bethlehem Feleke, Eliza Mackintosh, Gianluca Mezzofiore and Katie Polglase, ‘Massacre in the mountains They thought they’d be safe at a church. Then the soldiers arrived’ CNN (26 February 2021). Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/26/africa/ethiopia-tigray-dengelat-massacre-intl/index.html.

  105. 105.

    Ibid.

  106. 106.

    UN News, ‘Ethiopia: Persistent, credible reports of grave violations in Tigray underscore urgent need for human rights access—Bachelet’ UN News (4 March 2021). Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26838&LangID=E.

  107. 107.

    Ibid.

  108. 108.

    House of Lords Deb, 9 March 2021, c1468.

  109. 109.

    Ibid.

  110. 110.

    Ibid.

  111. 111.

    John Sparks, ‘Ethiopia: Hundreds executed, thousands homeless - the human cost of fighting in Tigray’ Sky News (17 March 2021). Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/ethiopia-hundreds-executed-thousands-homeless-the-human-cost-of-fighting-in-tigray-12247307.

  112. 112.

    Ibid.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IBAHRI, London, UK

    Ewelina U. Ochab

  2. Parliament of United Kingdom, London, UK

    David Alton

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  1. Ewelina U. Ochab
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Ochab, E.U., Alton, D. (2022). Other Situations of Concern. In: State Responses to Crimes of Genocide. Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99162-3_7

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