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Fuel Cells as APU in Aircrafts

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Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies in Aviation

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Abstract

An auxiliary power unit (APU) is responsible for powering different aircraft electrical demands, mainly electrical services, when the aircraft is on the ground. Conventional APUs comprise a generator coupled to a combustion engine that partially consumes the aircraft jet fuel, which causes noise and environmental pollution. Aircraft efficiency improvements rely on substituting systems that were once mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic to systems in search of higher efficiency, reliability, and reduction of costs and pollutant emissions, such as in a more electric aircraft (MEA). In a fuel cell APU, the combustion engine is replaced by a fuel cell, an electrochemical device producing electrical energy with higher conversion efficiency. A fuel cell generates heat and water on board that can reduce the use of heavy on board aircraft components (e.g., water tanks) and improve passenger satisfaction. After introducing technical details of conventional APUs, this chapter presents current developments of fuel cell APUs. It focuses on the two most promising fuel cell APUs types, the APU comprising a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC-APU) and a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC-APU).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The MEA is a broad concept which focuses on replacing as many supporting aircraft systems based on pneumatic, hydraulic, and mechanical power as possible, with systems based on electric power. The advantages of this concept are improved reliability, easier maintenance, and greater efficiency [16].

  2. 2.

    The ohmic losses are related to Joule heating, which is the conversion of electric power to thermal power. This process occurs by the electron’s interactions with the matter’s atoms.

  3. 3.

    Data exclude patents related to electric propulsion aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, CNPQ, and FAPEMIG (Public Organization).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Samuel Tadeu de Paula Andrade, Marina Domingues Fernandes, Victor N. Bistritzki, Rosana Zacarias Domingues & Tulio Matencio

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  1. Samuel Tadeu de Paula Andrade
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  2. Marina Domingues Fernandes
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  3. Victor N. Bistritzki
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  4. Rosana Zacarias Domingues
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Correspondence to Tulio Matencio .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey

    Can Ozgur Colpan

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ankica Kovač

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de Paula Andrade, S.T., Fernandes, M.D., Bistritzki, V.N., Domingues, R.Z., Matencio, T. (2022). Fuel Cells as APU in Aircrafts. In: Colpan, C.O., Kovač, A. (eds) Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies in Aviation. Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99018-3_7

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