Abstract
The addition of several power sources in an aircraft increases the complexity of the sizing and energy management problem while allowing a system redundancy that makes aircrafts safer. The optimization of the sizing and the energy management of hybrid electric aircraft powertrains can be accomplished using comprehensive mathematical models from the aircraft and its power sources, reducing the load of experimental activities that turn to be expensive and time-consuming. In this work, the authors apply an optimization method to obtain two optimized energy management strategies to be applied to two different types of all-electric aircraft: a general aviation powertrain and an electric vertical take-off and landing powertrain. These two aircrafts are designed to employ the same power sources configuration with a hydrogen-fueled fuel cell and a battery pack. The energy management optimization was performed to maximize the traveled distance while keeping the battery’s state of charge difference at a minimum, observing the power sources restrictions. In addition, for the second powertrain, the optimization of the power sources was performed. The analysis of the results shows that using the proposed method, the general aviation powertrain improves the traveled distance by 2.78%, reducing the equivalent energy consumption by 2.73%, and the electric vertical take-off and landing powertrain reduces the equivalent power consumption and guarantees the same battery’s state of charge at the start and at the end of the flight allowing a non-plugin operation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. García-Olivares, J. Solé, O. Osychenko, Transportation in a 100% renewable energy system, Energy Convers. Manag. 158 (2018) 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2017.12.053.
United Nations, Emissions Gap Emissions Gap Report 2020, 2020. https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/emissions-gap-report/2019/.
European Commission, Reducing emissions from aviation, Eur. Comm. (2018). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions/reducing-emissions-aviation_en (accessed December 10, 2021).
Airbus, Airbus studies fuel cell pods for future aircraft, Fuel Cells Bull. 2021 (2021) 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00018-3.
C.E.D. Riboldi, Energy-optimal off-design power management for hybrid-electric aircraft, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 95 (2019) 105507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.105507.
C.E.D. Riboldi, An optimal approach to the preliminary design of small hybrid-electric aircraft, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 81 (2018) 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.07.042.
G. Romeo, F. Borello, G. Correa, E. Cestino, ENFICA-FC: Design of transport aircraft powered by fuel cell; flight test of zero emission 2-seater aircraft powered by fuel cells fueled by hydrogen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 38 (2013) 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.064.
D.P. Bertsekas, Nonlinear Programming, 3rd Editio, Athena Scientific, 2016. http://www.athenasc.com/nonlinbook.html.
S.G. Johnson, The NLopt nonlinear-optimization package, (2008). https://github.com/stevengj/nlopt.
P. Virtanen, R. Gommers, T.E. Oliphant, M. Haberland, T. Reddy, D. Cournapeau, E. Burovski, P. Peterson, W. Weckesser, J. Bright, S.J. van der Walt, M. Brett, J. Wilson, K.J. Millman, N. Mayorov, A.R.J. Nelson, E. Jones, R. Kern, E. Larson, C.J. Carey, Ilhan Polat, Y. Feng, E.W. Moore, J. VanderPlas, D. Laxalde, J. Perktold, R. Cimrman, I. Henriksen, E.A. Quintero, C.R. Harris, A.M. Archibald, A.H. Ribeiro, F. Pedregosa, P. van Mulbregt, SciPy 1.0 Contributors, SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python, Nat. Methods. 17 (2020) 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2.
H. Rezk, A.M. Nassef, M.A. Abdelkareem, A.H. Alami, A. Fathy, Comparison among various energy management strategies for reducing hydrogen consumption in a hybrid fuel cell/supercapacitor/battery system, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 46 (2021) 6110–6126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.195.
I.-S. Sorlei, N. Bizon, P. Thounthong, M. Varlam, E. Carcadea, M. Culcer, M. Iliescu, M. Raceanu, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies, Energies. 14 (2021) 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010252.
T. Teng, X. Zhang, H. Dong, Q. Xue, A comprehensive review of energy management optimization strategies for fuel cell passenger vehicle, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.12.202.
N. Bizon, Optimization Algorithms and Energy Management Strategies, in: 2020: pp. 57–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40241-9_3.
N. Bizon, Real-time optimization strategies of Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems based on Load-following control: A new strategy, and a comparative study of topologies and fuel economy obtained, Appl. Energy. 241 (2019) 444–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.026.
Y. Zhou, A. Ravey, M.-C. Péra, A survey on driving prediction techniques for predictive energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, J. Power Sources. 412 (2019) 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.085.
M. Doff-Sotta, M. Cannon, M. Bacic, Optimal energy management for hybrid electric aircraft, IFAC-PapersOnLine. 53 (2020) 6043–6049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1672.
J. Zhao, H.S. Ramadan, M. Becherif, Metaheuristic-based energy management strategies for fuel cell emergency power unit in electrical aircraft, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 44 (2019) 2390–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.07.131.
S. Li, C. Gu, M. Xu, J. Li, P. Zhao, S. Cheng, Optimal power system design and energy management for more electric aircrafts, J. Power Sources. 512 (2021) 230473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230473.
G. Correa, F. Borello, M. Santarelli, Sensitivity analysis of stack power uncertainty in a PEMFC-based powertrain for aircraft application, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 40 (2015) 10354–10365. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2015.05.133.
G. Correa, M. Santarelli, F. Borello, E. Cestino, G. Romeo, Flight test validation of the dynamic model of a fuel cell system for ultra-light aircraft, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng. 229 (2015) 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410014541081.
G. Romeo, G. Correa, F. Borello, E. Cestino, M. Santarelli, Air Cooling of a Two-Seater Fuel Cell–Powered Aircraft: Dynamic Modeling and Comparison with Experimental Data, J. Aerosp. Eng. 25 (2012) 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000138.
G. Correa, P. Muñoz, T. Falaguerra, C.R. Rodriguez, Performance comparison of conventional, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban buses using well to wheel analysis, Energy. 141 (2017) 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.066.
D. Raymer, Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Sixth Edition, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Washington, DC, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2514/4.104909.
A. Bacchini, E. Cestino, B. Van Magill, D. Verstraete, Impact of lift propeller drag on the performance of eVTOL lift+cruise aircraft, Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 109 (2021) 106429. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AST.2020.106429.
A. Bacchini, E. Cestino, Key aspects of electric vertical take-off and landing conceptual design, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng. 234 (2020) 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410019884174.
A. Bacchini, E. Cestino, Electric VTOL Configurations Comparison, Aerospace. 6 (2019) 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6030026.
P.M. Muñoz, G. Correa, M.E. Gaudiano, D. Fernández, Energy management control design for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles using neural networks, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 42 (2017) 28932–28944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.169.
G. Romeo, F. Borello, G. Correa, Set-up and test flights of an all-electric 2-seater aeroplane powered by fuel cells, J. Aircr. 49 (2011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muñoz, P., Cestino, E., Correa, G. (2022). Energy Management Strategies in a Fuel Cell–Powered Aircraft. In: Colpan, C.O., Kovač, A. (eds) Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies in Aviation. Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99018-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99018-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-99017-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-99018-3
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)