Keywords

1.1 Introduction

The term ‘forest inventory’ refers to both forest information and to the process of collecting and processing the data on which information is based (Tompoo et al., 2010). Information provided by forest inventories is in the form of data tables, often accompanied by charts and thematic maps. Forest inventories are conducted on a local scale, for a forest estate or a group of forest estates, or on a broader scale for a region or a country. In the latter case, we speak of a National Forest Inventory (NFI), which aims to provide the national forest statistics of a country.

In Europe, the first large-scale forest inventories based on systematic sampling were carried out in the 1920s and 1930s (Loetsch & Haller, 1973). These were conducted in Norway from 1919 to 1930 (Tomter et al., 2010), in Finland from 1921 to 1924 (Kangas & Maltamo, 2007), and in Sweden from 1923 to 1929 (Axelsson et al., 2010). After the Second World War, thanks to the evolution of mathematical statistics and of sampling theory of the early twentieth century, and, in parallel, to the introduction of aerial photos as ancillary sources of data, large-scale forest inventories have seen a strong development in many European countries (Democratic Republic of Germany, France, Austria and Spain). Since the 1980s, many other countries have begun taking inventories on a sample basis, and to date, 23 NFIs have been carried out in Europe (Gschwantner et al., 2021).

Modern forest inventories are generally of a combined or multi-source type, i.e., information is collected both directly in the field through plot measurements and using remote sensing (aerial photos, satellite data) and other data sources (GIS layers, previous inventories, etc.). Furthermore, the most recent forest inventories concern a much wider spectrum of variables than the previous ones, which had as their main objective the estimation of wood production and its availability over time. The inventory protocols have been significantly expanded to include observations and measurements on the various components of forest ecosystems, such as deadwood, lower layers of vegetation, microhabitats, naturalistic and landscape emergencies, forest soils, as well as aspects related to the usability of forest resources, such as roads, recreational infrastructures, and many others. For these reasons, large-scale forest inventories have taken on the character of multi-purpose surveys.

Interest in the information produced by NFIs goes beyond national borders and increasingly concerns the international community. In fact, inventory statistics are also used to compile reports and statistics at a supra-national level, aimed at verifying compliance with the commitments undertaken by the various countries in the context of international agreements for the protection of forests, the conservation of biodiversity and the fight against climate change.

The need to update and integrate the official forest statistics available in Italy became pressing at the end of the 1970s, due to the lack of a national inventory and the lack of coherent and reliable information throughout the national territory, which is necessary to promote a modern national forest policy (Tabacchi & Tosi, 2011). The first Italian NFI, conducted in the mid-1980s, temporarily filled this lack of information on a national scale. However, the survey remained without repetition until the early 2000s when, following the emergence of new and more urgent information needs on a national and international scale, the Italian NFI took on a permanent and institutional character, with larger goals, consistent with the modern needs not only of the forestry sector, but of the entire national and international community.

This chapter briefly describes the history and organisational structure of the current Italian NFI, known as the National Inventory of Forests and Forest Carbon Pools (INFC). The text also illustrates the purpose of the survey and lists the main information produced as well as its use in evaluating the management of forest resources and the ecosystem services provided.

1.2 Historical Notes and Legal Aspects

The first Italian NFI (IFNI85) was carried out in the period 1983–87, following the activities of the Interministerial Advisory Commission dedicated to the control and testing of the Forest Map of Italy and the National Forest Inventory. The Commission identified the minimum objectives and financial resources to be used and entrusted the Experimental Institute for Forest and Range Management (ISAFA) of Trento, now merged into the Research Centre for Forestry and Wood of the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood), with the task of drawing up the inventory design, conducting the control of the survey activities, processing the information collected and illustrating the results obtained. The surveys were conducted by the staff of the State Forestry Corps and, for the regions with special statutes and autonomous provinces, surveys were carried out by the staff of the local forestry services. For IFNI85 a systematic sampling scheme was adopted, based on a regular 3 km × 3 km grid of observation points, with a single survey phase on the ground, sufficient to produce estimates with sampling errors acceptable at the national level. More than 33,400 points identified by the national sampling grid were first examined on the cartography and the aerial photos available or through a quick survey, to exclude survey points that were unequivocally not affected by forest cover. The remaining points, which were visited on the ground and surveyed totalled about 9000, one every 900 ha of wood (MAF-ISAFA, 1988).

At the end of the 1990s, ISAFA carried out a preparatory study for the launch of the second Italian NFI on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (ISAFA, 1998). The same Ministry subsequently issued the Ministerial Decree 13/12/2001, establishing the Italian NFI as a ‘permanent instrument of knowledge of the national forest heritage in support of political functions in the forest and environmental sector, including the protection and recovery of biodiversity’ (Art. 1). Following the law 353/2000, the decree entrusted the implementation of the NFI to the State Forestry Corps (Art. 2) with the technical-scientific support of ISAFA (Art. 4).

The second Italian NFI was created during the period 2002–2007 and named the National Inventory of Forests and Forest Carbon Pools—INFC2005, in which the statistics refer to the year 2005. Starting from this realisation, in fact, the main purpose of the survey was the estimation of the carbon content in the forest pools identified for the activities related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (IPCC, 2003). The carbon pools investigated by INFC2005 included aboveground biomass, deadwood, litter and soil (Di Cosmo et al., 2013; Gasparini & Di Cosmo, 2016). With INFC2005 the sampling design and the survey protocols were completely revised and modified with respect to the previous inventory. A new denser 1 km × 1 km national grid was established, with sampling points randomly selected within each grid square, and a three-phase sampling design was adopted to replace the one-phase one from the previous inventory (cf. Chap. 2). In addition, the internationally valid definition of forest, defined for the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) of FAO-UNECE was adopted, and many additional observations and measures were included in order to describe the different components of forest ecosystems and the set of services they provide.

The third Italian NFI INFC2015 was launched in 2013 with the updating of the classification of land use and land cover by photointerpretation (cf. Chap. 3). Following the approval of the legislative decree of 19 August 2016, n. 177, containing ‘Provisions on the rationalisation of police functions and absorption of the State Forestry Corps, pursuant to Art. 8, paragraph 1, letter a), of the law of 7 August 2015, n. 124, on the reorganisation of public administrations’ the task for the carrying out of the Italian NFI was entrusted to the Forestry Specialty of the Carabinieri. This important measure involved the reorganisation of the operational structure responsible for the coordination and implementation of the NFI and consequently the postponement of the survey campaign. The collection of data in the field for INFC2015 was, therefore, started in November 2017, at the conclusion of the necessary training of the surveyors, and ended in the first months of 2020. Once the data quality control activities and the final testing of the surveys in all the Italian regions were completed, the inventory statistics presented in this volume were processed in 2021.

1.3 Institutional and Organisational Aspects

The Italian NFI is conducted by the Forestry Specialty of the Carabinieri, in continuity with the activities carried out in the past by the State Forestry Corps. The Carabinieri Command of the Forestry, Environmental and Agro-Food Units (CUFA), through its Studies and Projects Office, deals with the coordination of survey activities, the training of surveyors and organisational and logistical aspects. Surveys in the field in the 15 regions with ordinary statutes are carried out by CUFA staff located in the regional and provincial offices of the Command and coordinated by 14 regional officers. In the remaining districts, the four regions with special statutes, Valle d'Aosta, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sicilia and Sardegna, and the two autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano, the field surveys are conducted by the staff of the local forest services or by external personnel. Approximately 50 photo interpreters located in their respective offices in the area conducted the photointerpretation of the first phase of INFC2015. The surveys in the field were carried out by 35 teams of the Carabinieri, for a total of about 105 surveyors, and by 20 regional and provincial teams in the special statute regions and autonomous provinces, for a total of approximately 45 additional surveyors.

The CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood based in Trento was responsible for the design of the survey, data quality controls and the final data processing. The working group dedicated to INFC activities was composed of 8–10 units of research and technical personnel. The centre also took care of the training and assistance of the surveyors and collaborated in the implementation of the database and software tools for data acquisition and transfer. The latter were implemented by two external companies, Telespazio S.p.A. and AlmavivA S.p.A. For the purpose of defining methods and procedures for the INFC, during the planning of INFC2005, CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood made use of the collaboration of many other subjects of universities and service companies who provided important contributions published in the documentation of the project available at www.inventarioforestale.org/documentazione di progetto.

1.4 Aims and Products

The main features of the Italian NFI were established by the Ministerial Decree 13/12/2001. These features designate the inventory as a permanent sample survey, which is periodically updated according to cycles lasting no less than five years. The inventory has the task of producing results consistent with international definitions and with other statistical surveys carried out by the National Statistical Institute (ISTAT). The Italian NFI is responsible for classifying and measuring over 50 variables, both qualitative and quantitative. These variables include those relating to the composition of the vegetation, origin and stage of development, characteristics of forest sites, ownership, forest roads, management methods, availability for wood supply, presence of planning tools and constraints, protected forests, state of health and terrain instability. The quantitative variables concern the size, in terms of diameter and height, and the growth of trees and shrubs that exceed the pre-established diameter threshold, and the count of individuals in the lower layers of vegetation. Deadwood elements are also measured, i.e., trees that have died from pathologies, senescence or broken trees, whole or in parts, standing or lying on the ground, and dead portions of living trees that have fallen to the ground, as well as stumps resulting from cuttings (cf. Chap. 4). The results are produced on a regional scale, for the 21 Italian regions, as well as on a national scale.

The INFC statistics are used in numerous national and international reporting processes. Among the formers, the national report on forests and forestry sector (RaF Italia) of the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies and of Tourism (MiPAAFT, 2019), the annual inventory of greenhouse gas emissions for UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol prepared by the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA, 2021) and the national report on natural capital (Comitato Capitale Naturale, 2021). Among the international reports, INFC contributes to the European report on sustainable forest management (SoEF Europe, https://foresteurope.org/foresteurope/), and to the UNECE-FAO Global FRA (https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/) (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Use of Italian NFI information for national and international reporting on the state of forests. In the column on SFM and the one on national reports, the indicators used are listed; in the column on FAO-FRA, tables compiled through NFI data are listed / Impiego delle informazioni prodotte dall’IFN italiano nei rapporti sullo stato delle foreste di livello nazionale e internazionale. Nella colonna relativa al rapporto europeo sulla GFS e in quella relativa ai rapporti nazionali sono elencati gli indicatori valutati; nella colonna relativa al rapporto FAO-FRA sono indicate le tabelle compilate con dati dell’IFN

The products of the Italian NFI are mainly of two types: statistics on a national and regional basis and elementary data. The former are represented by area estimates (of forests, different types of forest, etc.) and by estimates of the total values and per area unit values of the main quantitative variables that describe the characteristics of forests (number of trees, growing stock volume, biomass and carbon content, annual increment in volume and biomass, deadwood volume and biomass, etc.). The elementary data are represented by the values assumed by the qualitative and quantitative variables in the single inventory plot or for the single individual (tree or shrub) or element (stump, deadwood fragment) measured. Both types of data are fully available with open access at www.inventarioforestale.org/.