Days of Dissension: North Park College During the Vietnam War

Laukaitis, John J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98653-7_2

John J. Laukaitis²

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Abstract

In “Days of Dissension: North Park College During the Vietnam War,” John J. Laukaitis analyzes how different constituents at a Christian denominational college in Chicago, Illinois governed by the Evangelical Covenant Church developed varied positions on the conflict in Southeast Asia. The chapter explains how a student body and a board of directors largely supported the Vietnam War and how the majority of faculty and a faction of students opposed and protested America’s growing involvement in the region. Attention is given to the campus events surrounding the responses to the Cambodian campaign, the Kent State shootings, and—in particular—North Park College’s handling of the national Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam. Through the chapter, Laukaitis argues that common depictions of student activism in the 1960s and 1970s fail to call attention to those campuses where support for the war was considerable.

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Notes

1.
“Viet Hero Tells Holiday Crowd: ‘At Least Leave Us Our Honor’,” Chicago Tribune, 31 May 1970, 1.
2.
“Then and Now,” North Parker 76, no. 2 (Summer 2016): 17; “North Park at 125,” North Parker 76, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 11, 20–21.
3.
Clarence A. Nelson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1961 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1961), 55.
4.
“Resolutions,” Covenant Yearbook 1960 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1960), 55.
5.
“Commission on Christian Citizenship,” Covenant Yearbook 1963 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1963), 177.
6.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 24, 27–28.
7.
Ibid., 33, 37.
8.
“Report of Commission on Christian Citizenship,” Covenant Yearbook 1962 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1962), 229.
9.
Clarence A. Nelson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1965 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1965), 8.
10.
Clarence A. Nelson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1965 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1965), 13; “Congo Ransom: A Good Man’s Life,” Life, vol. 57, no. 23, 4 December 1964, 35.
11.
L. Arden Almquist, “Board of Missions—World Missions Division,” Covenant Yearbook 1965 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1965), 119.
12.
Ibid., 133.
13.
North Park College, Cupola 1952 (Chicago: North Park College, 1952), 73, 111, 114, 123; “Capt. Jepson Rites Slated in Arlington,” Chicago Tribune, 27 May 1965, E7.
14.
“Ministry to College Students and Armed Forces Personnel,” Covenant Yearbook 1966 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1966), 79.
15.
“Ministry to College Students and Armed Forces Personnel,” Covenant Yearbook 1969 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1969), 71.
16.
“The Religious Community and the War in Vietnam,” Covenant Yearbook 1967 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1967), 220.
17.
Ibid., 219.
18.
“A Declaration of Conscience—Regarding Vietnam,” Covenant Yearbook 1968 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1968), 196–198.
19.
“Barry Squeaks By,” North Park College News, vol. 45, no. 5, 6 November 1964, 1.
20.
“SOC Sponsors Election Complete Rep Victory,” North Park College News, vol. 47, no. 5, 1 November 1968, 1.
21.
“Editor Fosberg Interviews Goldwater: ‘A Fluent Representative of Conservatism,’” North Park College News, vol. 42, no. 1, 10 August 1961, 2.
22.
“Dr. Russell Kirk to Speak Here on Tuesday Evening,” North Park College News, vol. 42, no. 11, 12 January 1962, 1.
23.
“Looking Outward,” North Park College, vol. 44, no. 3, 18 October 1963, 2.
24.
Mitchell K. Hall, “The Vietnam Era Antiwar Movement,” OAH Magazine of History, vol 18, no. 5 (Oct. 2004): 14.
25.
“Teach-In Will Oppose Viet Nam War,” North Park College News, vol. 45, no. 19, 30 April 1965, 3; “Stephen Cary to Talk on Viet Nam Question,” North Park College News, vol. 46, no. 3, 15 October 1965, 1.
26.
“Students Back Vietnam Policy,” North Park College News, vol. 46, no. 5, 29 October 1965, 3.
27.
Report of the North Park College Delegation to the 18th USNSA National Student Congress, n.d., Student Association, box 2, folder 6, 1965–1966, F.M. Johnson Archives, North Park University [hereafter F.M. Johnson Archives].
28.
Ibid.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Daniel Golden Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America’s Universities (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2017), 168; Sandra Scanlon The Pro-War Movement: Domestic Support for the Vietnam War and the Making of Modern American Conservatism (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), 243; Tity de Vries, “The 1967 Central Intelligence Agency Scandal: Catalyst in a Transforming Relationship between State and People,” The Journal of American History, vol 98, no. 4 (March 2012): 1075.
31.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 24 October 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
32.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 24 October 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
33.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 24 October 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
34.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 25 May 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
35.
SB 3008: NSA Study Committee, n.d., Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
36.
“What’s Up in the SA?” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 2, 20 October 1967, 1.
37.
Ibid.
38.
“The Senate and the NSA,” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 4, 3 November 1967, 3.
39.
“A Crisis in NPC’s Student Senate,” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 5, 10 November 1967, 2.
40.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 31 May 1967, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives; “Vox Populi,” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 5, 10 November 1967, 2.
41.
“Students O.K. U.S. Bombing of N. Viet Nam,” Chicago Tribune, 24 January 1966, 6.
42.
Ibid. The Student Association said the Chicago Tribune article was a “gross misrepresentation of the results of the NPCSA [North Park College Student Association] straw poll.” Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 25 January 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 6, 1965–1966, F.M. Johnson Archives.
43.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 4 November 1965, Student Association, box 2, folder 6, 1965–1966, F.M. Johnson Archives.
44.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 4 November 1965, Student Association, box 2, folder 6, 1965–1966, F.M. Johnson Archives; “War?” North Park College News, vol. 47, no. 3, 17 February 1967, 2; “In Protest—Part II,” North Park College News, 3 November 1967, 2; “This War Is Hell!” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 9, 12 January 1968, 1.
45.
“We Are Concerned about the War in Vietnam!!!” North Park College News, vol. 47, no. 18, 21 April 1967, 6.
46.
Ibid.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Ibid., 3.
49.
Minutes of the North Park College Senate Association Meeting, 22 November 1966, Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives; SL 3020 Draft Committee Mandate, n.d., Student Association, box 2, folder 7, 1966–1967, F.M. Johnson Archives.
50.
“Blessed Are the Peacemakers …” North Park College News, vol. 47, no. 17, 7 April 1967, 1.
51.
Ibid.
52.
“Faculty & Students Held Draft Discussion May 1,” North Park College News, no. 47, no. 20, 5 May 1967, 1. The faculty who served on the panel included J. William Fredrickson, Professor of Economics, Jean M. Driscoll, Professor of Political Science, J. Melburn Soneson, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, and Charles E. Wiberg, Associate Professor of History.
53.
Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 20.
54.
“The Christian Conscience and Military Service,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 186–187; “Commission on Christian Action,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 111.
55.
Karl A. Olsson to Chairman of Local Board 86, 10 April 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 19, Correspondence N, F.M. Johnson Archives.
56.
Karl A. Olsson to Chairman of Local Board 86, 10 April 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 19, Correspondence N, F.M. Johnson Archives; Karl A. Olsson to Chairman of Local Board 13–95, 21 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 6, folder General Correspondence A, F.M. Johnson Archives.
57.
David Card and Thomas Lemieux, “Going to College to Avoid the Draft: The Unintended Legacy of the Vietnam War,” The American Economic Review 91, no. 2 (May 2001): 98.
58.
“On the Platforms…” North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 14, 26 February 1969, 2.
59.
“Student Rights Proposed,” North Park College News, vol. 48, no. 4, 3 November 1967, 1, 4; “Consensus on Standards Drawn Up by Rights and Freedoms Committee,” North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 1, 23 September 1968, 1; American Association of University Professors, “Joint Statement on Rights and Freedoms of Students,” AAUP Bulletin 53, no. 4 (Dec. 1967): 365–368.
60.
C. Hobart Edgren to Karl A. Olson, 4 September 1968, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; C. Hobart Edgren to Karl A. Olsson, 12 September 1968, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; C. Hobart Edgren to Karl A. Olsson, 15 October 1968, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives.
61.
Hearing Committee Proposal, 30 January 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; “New SR&F View on Discipline Advocates ‘Hearing Committee,’” North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 11, 31 January 1969, 1.
62.
“A Look Back—A Great Leap Forward,” 8 April 1969, North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 19, 8 April 1969, 2.
63.
Minutes of the Student Rights & Freedoms Committee, 6 November 1968, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; “Candidates Anderson and Olson Join Race for SA President and VP,” North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 14, 26 February 1969, 5; “Student Rights Reviewed,” North Park College News, vol. 52, no. 2, 22 September 1971, 1.
64.
Minutes of the Student Rights & Freedom Committee, 17 April 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives.
65.
C. Hobart Edgren to Karl A. Olsson, 4 September 1968, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; Carroll J. Peterson to Karl A. Olsson, 18 March 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; Minutes of the Student Rights & Freedoms Committee, 1 May 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; Minutes of the Student Rights & Freedoms Committee, 17 April 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 24, Student Rights and Freedoms 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives.
66.
Lewis S. Feuer, “Student Unrest in the United States,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 404, no. 1 (Nov. 1972): 171; Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner, “Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 395, no. 1 (May 1971): 44.
67.
Philip G. Altbach, “From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,” Higher Education 8, no. 6 (Nov. 1979): 614.
68.
Karl A. Olsson, Charge to Graduates, 16 June 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 7, folder 9, Commencement 1969, F.M. Johnson Archives.
69.
Karl A. Olsson to Faculty and Staff, 17 February 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 10, folder 1, Presidential Nominating Committee, F.M. Johnson Archives.
70.
“Crisis in Reform: Team Tours Nation: Directors Act on Dancing, Smoking and Chapel Reforms,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 1, 29 September 1969, 1.
71.
Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 102.
72.
Returned mailing sent to Karl A. Olsson, n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 22, Policy Changes, F.M. Johnson Archives.
73.
Robert J. Nelson to Karl A. Olsson, n.d., (emphasis in original), Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 22, Policy Changes, F.M. Johnson Archives.
74.
J.H. Johnson to Karl A. Olsson, 12 November 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 22, Policy Changes, F.M. Johnson Archives.
75.
Leslie Anderson and Arthur Bergman to Karl A. Olsson, 1 December 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 22, Policy Changes, F.M. Johnson Archives.
76.
“Nationwide Moratorium to Focus Attention Toward Vietnam Crisis,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 2, 3 October 1969, 1.
77.
Office of the Dean of the College to College Faculty, 10 October 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 21, Moratorium Day, F.M. Johnson Archives.
78.
Moratorium Day—October 15, 1969—Schedule, n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 21, Moratorium Day, F.M. Johnson Archives.
79.
Moratorium Day—October 15, 1969—Schedule, n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 21, Moratorium Day, F.M. Johnson Archives. On Staughton Lynd, see, for instance, Carl Mirra, The Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent, 1945–1970 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University, 2010).
80.
Carl Mirra, “Radical Historians and the Liberal Establishment: Staughton Lynd’s Life with History,” Left History 11, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 79–83.
81.
Lee R. March, Letter to the Editor, (emphasis in original) North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 5, 24 October 1969, 3.
82.
“In Defense of Posterity,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 5, 24 October 1969, 2–3.
83.
Cyril K. Richard to Karl Olsson, 13 October 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 21, Moratorium Day, F.M. Johnson Archives.
84.
William R. McCarrell to Karl A. Olsson, (emphasis in original), 11 April 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 18, General Correspondence Mc, F.M. Johnson Archives.
85.
“Issues Debated During Vietnam Moratorium,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 5, 24 October 1969, 4–5.
86.
Ibid., 4.
87.
Ibid.
88.
“Issues Debated During Vietnam Moratorium,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 5, 24 October 1969, 4; “Called Me Nigger,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 4, 24 October 1969, 5.
89.
Christopher Sieving, Soul Searching: Black-Themed Cinema from the March on Washington to the Rise of Blaxploitation (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2011), 90.
90.
Moratorium Day—October 15, 1969—Schedule, n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 21, Moratorium Day, F.M. Johnson Archives.
91.
Karl A. Olsson to William R. McCarrell, 22 April 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 18, General Correspondence Mc, F.M. Johnson Archives.
92.
Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 101–107.
93.
Karl A. Olsson to Faculty and Staff, 17 February 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 10, folder 1, Presidential Nominating Committee, F.M. Johnson Archives.
94.
Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 102.
95.
“North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4; “President Answers Student Concern; Kent-Cambodia Protest Close College,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4; Karl Olson to Evangelical Covenant Church Pastors, 21 May 1970, President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
96.
Karl Olson to Evangelical Covenant Church Pastors, 21 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
97.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 5 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
98.
“North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4.
99.
“President Olsson Offers Perspective on Campus Activities,” North Park Bulletin 8, no. 4 (June 1970): 1.
100.
Karl A. Olsson, Administrative Bulletin #69–17, 5 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
101.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 5 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
102.
Willis Rudy, The Campus and a Nation in Crisis: From the American Revolution to Vietnam (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 190; G. Ray Funkhouser, “The Issues of the Sixties: An Exploratory Study in the Dynamics of Public Opinion,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 37, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 66.
103.
Zenos Hawkinson, “North Park Weathers the Storm,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 3.
104.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 5 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
105.
Karl A. Olsson, Administrative Bulletin #69–17, 5 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
106.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 5 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
107.
Ibid.
108.
Ibid.
109.
Ibid.
110.
E.M. Schreiber, “Opposition to the Vietnam War among American University Students and Faculty,” The British Journal of Sociology 24, no. 3 (Sept. 1973): 290–291.
111.
The North Park College News of Friday, May 15, 1970 stated that 450 students unanimously supported the strike. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, North Park College enrolled some 1200 to 1300 students. While difficult to determine the total number of students who supported the strike, the 450 students who gathered on the evening of May 4, 1970 did not represent a majority of the student body. “North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1; “Enrollment,” North Park Bulletin, 1969–1971, 7, no. 4 (August 1969): 159. Milton Engebretson stated that the enrollment at North Park College was 1300 students. Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 13.
112.
“Students, Teachers, Administrators View the ‘Happenings,’” North Park Bulletin 8, no. 4 (June 1970): 4. Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
113.
Ibid.
114.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 16 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 5, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
115.
North Park College, Cupola 1970 (Chicago: North Park College, 1970), 64–66.
116.
Karl Olsson, Convocation Notes, 6 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives; “North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4.
117.
Karl Olsson, Convocation Notes, 6 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
118.
Ibid.
119.
Ibid.
120.
“North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4.
121.
Karl Olsson, Convocation Notes, 6 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
122.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 89.
123.
Karl A. Olsson to William R. McCarrell, 22 April 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 18, General Correspondence Mc.
124.
“North Park Joins National Strike,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1.
125.
Ibid., 1, 4.
126.
Ibid.
127.
General letter from Karl A. Olsson to Pastors and Chairmen, 11 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives; “President Olsson Offers Perspective on Campus Activities,” North Park Bulletin 8, no. 4 (June 1970): 1; “President Answers Student Concern; Kent-Cambodia Protest Close College,” North Park College News, vol. 50, no. 16, 15 May 1970, 1, 4. “North Park Community Acts Opposing Violence, War,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 11 (June 1, 1970): 20.
128.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 6 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
129.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 6 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
130.
Karl A. Olsson, Administrative Bulletin #69–18, 6 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
131.
General letter from Karl A. Olsson to Pastors and Chairmen, 11 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives; Minutes of the General Faculty, 6 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
132.
Strike Newsletter, 7 May 1970 and 8 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
133.
Evangelical Covenant Church, Covenant Yearbook 1968 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1968), 196–198; Evangelical Covenant Church, Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 192–193.
134.
G. Ray Funkhouser, “The Issues of the Sixties: An Exploratory Study in the Dynamics of Public Opinion,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 37, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 68, Table 2.
135.
“A Newseek Poll: Mr. Nixon Holds Up,” Newsweek, 25 May 1970, 30.
136.
Gordon W. Keller, “Middle America Against the University: The Kent State Grand Jury,” Humanist 31, no. 2 (March 1, 1971): 28.
137.
Milton B. Engebretson, The President’s Newsletter 3, no. 16, 12 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
138.
Minutes of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, 3 March 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, Box 10, folder 1, Presidential Nominating Committee, F.M. Johnson Archives.
139.
Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 7.
140.
Milton B. Engebretson, The President’s Newsletter 3, no. 16, 12 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
141.
General letter from Karl A. Olsson to Pastors and Chairmen, 11 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
142.
The enrollment of North Park College in 1970 was approximately 1300 students. Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 13. In 1970, the percentage of Covenant students was approximately 40 percent. Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1974 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1974), 99. Therefore, in 1970, there were approximately 520 Covenant students enrolled at North Park College.
143.
Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 7.
144.
“Students, Teachers, Administrators View the ‘Happenings,’” North Park Bulletin 8, no. 4 (June 1970): 4. Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
145.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 6 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
146.
F. Burton Nelson to Karl A. Olsson, 14 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
147.
Ibid.
148.
Strike Newsletter, 7 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
149.
Vernon Wettersten, “Nixon Weds the Vietnam Carcass,” The College News, 15 May 1970, 2; J. Melburn Soneson, “To Be or Not to Be,” The College News, 15 May 1970, 2; Robert O. Byrd, “Can You Keep the Pace?” The College News, 15 May 1970, 2; Zenos Hawkinson, “North Park Weathers the Storm,” The College News, 15 May 1970, 3.
150.
“Campus Strikes: Students Ring Doorbells on Issues,” The Sunday Star, 16 May 1970, 3. Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives. Strike Newsletter, 7 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
151.
Strike Handout, n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
152.
“Campus Strikes: Students Ring Doorbells on Issues,” The Sunday Star, 16 May 1970, 3. Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
153.
Ibid.
154.
“President Olsson Offers Perspective on Campus Activities,” North Park Bulletin 8, no. 4 (June 1970): 2; “North Park Community Acts Opposing Violence, War,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 11 (June 1, 1970): 20.
155.
Strike Newsletter, 8 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
156.
Kenneth J. Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 249.
157.
“Partial List of Nation’s Idle Schools,” Chicago Tribune, 8 May 1970, 14; “Suspend Classes at N.U.” Chicago Tribune, 6 May 1970, 1.
158.
“Partial List of Nation’s Idle Schools,” Chicago Tribune, 8 May 1970, 14; “Suspend Classes at N.U.” Chicago Tribune, 6 May 1970, 1; “Circle Campus, N.U. Students Clash with Police,” Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1970, 10. “Roosevelt Joins National Strike,” Roosevelt Torch, 11 May 1970, 2, Kent State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives, accessed May 23, 2019, https://omeka.library.kent.edu/special-collections/items/show/4024; “Strike Time Capsule,” Loyola Phoenix, 11 May 1970, 4, Kent State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives, accessed May 23, 2019, https://omeka.library.kent.edu/special-collections/items/show/4019
159.
“Fire Damages Circle Building,” Chicago Tribune, 6 May 1970, 8; “Circle Campus, N.U. Students Clash with Police,” Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1970, 10.
160.
“Circle Campus, N.U. Students Clash with Police,” Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1970, 10.
161.
“3 Buildings Are Closed By N.U. Officials,” Chicago Tribune, 12 May 1970, 7.
162.
“The Cost of the Campus Riots,” Chicago Tribune, 8 June 1970, 24.
163.
Strike Newsletter, 7 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
164.
Strike Newsletter, 8 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
165.
“He Brought Us Together,” Loyola Phoenix, 11 May 1970, 2, Kent State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives, accessed May 23, 2019, https://omeka.library.kent.edu/special-collections/items/show/4019
166.
“Troops Stand by Near N.U.,” Chicago Tribune, 9 May 1970, W1; “He Brought Us Together,” Loyola Phoenix, 11 May 1970, 2, Kent State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives, accessed May 23, 2019, https://omeka.library.kent.edu/special-collections/items/show/4019
167.
Harold F. Williamson and Payson S. Wild, Northwestern University: A History, 1850–1975 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 1976), 341.
168.
Irving C. Lambert to Board of Directors, 8 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
169.
Ibid.
170.
Ibid.
171.
Ibid.
172.
Ibid.
173.
Irving C. Lambert to Board of Directors, 8 May 1970, (emphasis in original), Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
174.
Irving Lambert to Board Members, 12 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
175.
Irving C. Lambert, Board of Directors Personal Statements on Military Action in Cambodia and the Death of Four Students at Kent State University, 8 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
176.
Ibid.
177.
H. Walter Thorell to Irving C. Lambert, 8 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
178.
Ibid.
179.
Theodore E. Franklin, 15 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
180.
Ibid.
181.
J. Lowell Johnson to Irving C. Lambert, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
182.
Ibid.
183.
Robert W. Nelson to Irving C. Lambert, 19 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
184.
C. Reuben Anderson to Irving C. Lambert, 15 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
185.
H. Walter Thorell to Irving C. Lambert, 8 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
186.
William N. Tournell to Irving C. Lambert, 19 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
187.
Armour G. Ahlstrand to Irving C. Lambert, 15 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
188.
C. Reuben Anderson to Irving C. Lambert, 15 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
189.
Glen W. Peterson to Irving C. Lambert, 3 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
190.
Ibid.
191.
Glen W. Peterson to Irving C. Lambert, 3 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
192.
H. Walter Thorell to Irving C. Lambert, 8 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
193.
Ibid.
194.
Ibid.
195.
Glen W. Peterson to Irving C. Lambert, 3 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
196.
Robert W. Nelson to Irving C. Lambert, 19 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
197.
Robert W. Nelson to Irving C. Lambert, 3 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
198.
J. Lowell Johnson to Irving C. Lambert, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
199.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 10.
200.
On further indication of the division within the ECC on the Vietnam War, see, for example, Clarence J. Fosberg, “Let’s Stop the Killing!” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 10 (May 15, 1970): 12–14; “Our Readers Write,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 14 (July 15, 1970): 2; and “Our Readers Write,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 15 (August 1, 1970): 2.
201.
“Harris Survey: Student Cambodia Protests Hit,” Chicago Tribune, 1 June 1970, A1.
202.
E. M. Schreiber, “Anti-War Demonstrations and American Public Opinion on the War in Vietnam,” The British Journal of Sociology 27, no. 2 (June 1976): 230.
203.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 127–128.
204.
Irving C. Lambert to Board of Directors, 8 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives; Irving C. Lambert to Glen W. Peterson, 5 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
205.
A.G. Spohnheimer to Irving C. Lambert, 18 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
206.
Carl G. Pearson to Irving C. Lambert, 25 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
207.
Ibid.
208.
H. Walter Thorell to Irving C. Lambert, 8 June 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
209.
William N. Tournell to Irving C. Lambert, 19 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
210.
Russell P. Zetterlund, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
211.
Elom L. Nelson to Irving C. Lambert, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
212.
Ibid.
213.
Robert V. Thonander, 16 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
214.
Eldon H Johnson, Statement of Position, 25 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives; John C. Notehelfer to The Student Body of North Park College, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
215.
Eldon H Johnson, Statement of Position, 25 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
216.
John C. Notehelfer to The Student Body of North Park College, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
217.
Robert V. Thonander, 16 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
218.
John C. Notehelfer to The Student Body of North Park College, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
219.
Eldon H Johnson, Statement of Position, 25 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
220.
Clarence D. Agard to Irving C. Lambert, 14 May 1970, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
221.
Robert V. Thonander, 16 May 1970, (emphasis in original), Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
222.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 159.
223.
Ibid., 135–136, 147–148.
224.
Ibid., 133–134.
225.
Ibid., 149.
226.
Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 12; Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 103.
227.
General letter from Karl A. Olsson to Pastors and Chairmen, 11 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
228.
Paul W. Anderson to Karl A. Olsson, 13 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
229.
Karl A. Olsson to Paul W. Anderson, 9 June 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
230.
Burton Nelson to President Olsson, 12 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
231.
Ibid.
232.
Burton Nelson to President Olsson, 13 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
233.
Minutes of Special Senate Meeting, 12 May 1970, Student Association, box 3, folder 2, 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
234.
Burton Nelson to President Olsson, 13 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
235.
General Faculty Minutes, 14 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
236.
Ibid.
237.
Ibid.
238.
Ibid.
239.
General Faculty Minutes, 16 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
240.
Ibid.
241.
General Faculty Minutes, 16 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
242.
Richard A. Swanson, Petition to North Park College Faculty, 15 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
243.
Ibid.
244.
General Faculty Minutes, 16 May 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
245.
Ibid.
246.
Student Association Minutes, 26 May 1970, Student Association, box 3, folder 2, 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
247.
Ibid.
248.
General Faculty Minutes, 19 September 1969, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 2, General Faculty Minutes 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives; Student Association Minutes, 26 May 1970, Student Association, box 3, folder 2, 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
249.
Student Association Minutes, 11 June 1970, Student Association, box 3, folder 2, 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
250.
Untitled Article, North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 3, 29 October 1970, 1.
251.
Student Association Minutes, 13 October 1970, Student Association, box 3, folder 2, 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
252.
“Flood, Rainbow, Plea for Peace: North Parkers Graduate, Olsson Era Closes,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 12 (June 15, 1970): 13.
253.
Karl A. Olsson, “The Charge to the Class of 1970,” n.d., Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 26, Commencement 1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
254.
North Park College and Theological Seminary Commencement Program, 14 June 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 26, Commencement 1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
255.
“Flood, Rainbow, Plea for Peace: North Parkers Graduate, Olsson Era Closes,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 12 (June 15, 1970): 13.
256.
Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 101.
257.
Ibid., 101–103.
258.
Milton B. Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 17.
259.
Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 104; “Second Business Session,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 152.
260.
One sign that friction between factions of students existed was opposing statements sent to the Covenant Companion. In the June 1, 1970 Covenant Companion, a statement opposing the Vietnam War was submitted by students. “We Will No Longer Remain Silent,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 11 (June 1, 1970): 20. In the July 15, 1970 Covenant Companion, students submitted an admonition of the cancellation of classes because of the strike. “Question Priorities,” The Covenant Companion 59, no. 14 (June 1, 1970): 2, 15.
261.
Willis Rudy The Campus and a Nation in Crisis: From the American Revolution to Vietnam (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 195–196.
262.
Ibid., 181, 197.
263.
Ibid., 197–200.
264.
Robert J. McMahon, “The Politics, and Geopolitics, of American Troop Withdrawals from Vietnam, 1968–1972,” Diplomatic History 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 477, 481.
265.
Willis Rudy The Campus and a Nation in Crisis: From the American Revolution to Vietnam, 181.
266.
Kathy Anderson, “Encounter,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 1, 23 September 1970, 1, 3.
267.
Ibid., 1.
268.
Ibid., 3.
269.
Karl A. Olson, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1965 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1965), 139; “Carl Hawkinson Carries SA Election; Eleven New Class Senators Chosen,” North Park College News, vol. 49, no. 15, 7 March 1969, 1; Carl Hawkinson to Karl Olsson, 12 December 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 21, Board of Directors 1969–1970, F.M. Johnson Archives.
270.
“Festival Queen Sally Stromberg Reigns over 1970 Homecoming,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 2, 9 October 1970, 1.
271.
See, for example, “The Growth of a Christian College,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 2, 9 October 1970, 2; “Unnecessary, Unwarranted and Inexcusable,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 3, 29 October 1970, 2; “Too Little Sincerity, Too Much Shouting,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 4, 11 November 1970, 2.
272.
“SA Embarks on Program to Secure NPC’s Future,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 3, 29 October 1970, 2; “Abolish the Draft: Yes or No,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 3, 29 October 1970, 2.
273.
“Money Needs Plague NPC,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 9, 17 February 1971, 1.
274.
Minutes of the General Faculty, 24 November 1970, College Faculty Minutes, box 5, folder 3, General Faculty Minutes 1970–1971, F.M. Johnson Archives.
275.
“Budget Cuts Exposed,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 12, 7 April 1970, 1; “Budget Shifts Explained,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 14, 5 May 1971, 1; “Letter from President Ahlem,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 14, 5 May 1971, 3.
276.
Irving C. Lambert to Committee of Professors, 4 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 10, folder 1, Presidential Nominating Committee, F.M. Johnson Archives; Milton Engebretson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1971 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1971), 10; Carl M. Helgerson to Lloyd Ahlem, 25 November 1970, Office of the President, Lloyd H. Ahlem, Series 9/1/2/7, box 1, folder 19, General Correspondence H, F.M. Johnson Archives.
277.
On the increasing percentage of ECC students at NPC, see, for instance, “NP Is Changing,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 15, 20 May 1971, 3; Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors and North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1973 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1973), 102; Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors and North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1974 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1974), 99.
278.
“The North Park Campus Mood,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 15, 15 May 1970, 2.
279.
“‘Day’ Passes Quietly,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 15, 15 May 1970, 1.
280.
Ibid.
281.
“Hair Problem Examined,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 15, 15 May 1970, 2; “Finances Improving,” North Park College News, vol. 51, no. 15, 15 May 1970, 3–4.
282.
Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors of North Park College and Theological Seminar,” Covenant Yearbook 1971 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1971), 98.
283.
“Recommendations from Board of Directors of North Park College,” Covenant Yearbook 1965 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1965), 208; Clarence A. Nelson, “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1967 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1967), 10; “Seminary Study Committee Report,” “Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1967 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1967), 188–198.
284.
Harvey Stranske to Members of Beulah Covenant Church, 17 February 1966, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6a, box 17, folder 19, Administrative Committee Minutes, F.M. Johnson Archives.
285.
“Report of the President,” Covenant Yearbook 1967 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1967), 192; David L. Larsen to Karl A. Olsson, 31 January 1969, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 8, folder 23, Seminary Recommendation Committee 1968–1969, F.M. Johnson Archives; Karl A. Olsson, “Board of Directors and North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1970 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1970), 105.
286.
Robert W. Nelson to Irving C. Lambert, 3 June 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 9, folder 17, Kent State/Cambodia Protests, F.M. Johnson Archives.
287.
Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors and North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1971 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1971), 98–99.
288.
Irving C. Lambert to Committee of Professors, 4 May 1970, Office of the President, Karl A. Olsson, Series 9/1/2/6, box 10, folder 1, Presidential Nominating Committee, F.M. Johnson Archives.
289.
Lloyd H. Ahlem, “Board of Directors and North Park College and Theological Seminary,” Covenant Yearbook 1974 (Chicago: The Evangelical Covenant Church of America, 1974), 99.
290.
Ibid., 100.
291.
“Problem of Disarmament,” North Park College News, vol. 52, no. 4, 6 October 1971, 4.
292.
An article titled “Nixon’s Hypocritical War” criticized American involvement in the Vietnam War in the October 18, 1972 issue. The next time the war is mentioned is six issues later in the January 17, 1973 North Park College News. “Nixon’s Hypocritical War,” North Park College News, vol. 53, no. 5, 18 October 1972, 4; “A Resolution: ‘We Are Morally Against This,’” North Park College News, 17 January 1973, 1.
293.
“John F. Kennedy: A Retrospective,” North Park College News, vol. 54, no. 10, 29 November 1973, 3.
294.
See North Park College, Cupola 1970 (Chicago: North Park College, 1970); North Park College, Cupola 1971 (Chicago: North Park College, 1971).
295.
See North Park College, Cupola 1972 (Chicago: North Park College, 1972); North Park College, Cupola 1973 (Chicago: North Park College, 1973).
296.
North Park College, Cupola 1969 (Chicago: North Park College, 1969), 122–123, 126, 193; Lt. Thomas C. Widerquist Obituary, Chicago Tribune, 18 May 1972, C16; North Park College, Cupola 1972 (Chicago: North Park College, 1972), 127; “U.S. Air Force Airlifts in the 1972 Eastertide Offensive,” HistoryNet.com, accessed June 17, 2019, https://www.historynet.com/us-air-force-airlifts-in-the-1972-eastertide-offensive.htm
297.
Lloyd H. Ahlem to Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Widerquist, 5 May 1972, Office of the President, Lloyd H. Ahlem, Series 9/1/2/7, box 4, folder 14, Correspondence W, F.M. Johnson Archives.
298.
Minutes of the North Park College and Theological Seminary Administrative Committee, 8 November 1972, Office of the President, Lloyd H. Ahlem, Series 9/1/2/7, box 4, folder 19, Administrative Committee Minutes, F.M. Johnson Archives; North Park College, North Park College Catalog, 1974–1976 (Chicago, North Park College, 1974), 42.
299.
Photo caption, North Park College News, vol. 55, no. 25, 22 May 1975, 1.
300.
David E. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 161.

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Laukaitis, J.J. (2022). Days of Dissension: North Park College During the Vietnam War. In: Laukaitis, J.J. (eds) Denominational Higher Education During the Vietnam War. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98653-7_2

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