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Biotechnology in Medicine: Fundamentals

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Fundamentals and Advances in Medical Biotechnology

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Abstract

Biotechnology is a diverse field with important implications in everyday life. It finds its use in research, medicine, agriculture, and chemical industry. Various biotechnology techniques are utilized for different purposes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in molecular cloning, genotyping, and medical diagnostics. Molecular cloning in particular is a multiple step process involving PCR amplification of the gene of interest, restriction digestion of the vector, and the insert, ligation, screening, and sequencing. Vectors like plasmids are utilized to express the gene of interest. Amplification of plasmids involves transformation into bacteria and the expression of the gene of interest is achieved by transfection into the host cells. Real-time PCR measures gene expression at the RNA level. It is currently being used for COVID-19 screening. Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique to introduce specific mutations in DNA. It is utilized to perturb the function of a protein. Crispr-Cas9 system is a recent addition to the DNA manipulation tool kit. It finds its use in knock-out studies where guide RNA directs the Cas9 nuclease to the target gene. The system can also be utilized for knock-in studies and mutagenesis by providing a homology directed repair (HDR) template, along with Cas9 and guide, to introduce specific changes.

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  1. Sajad Ahmad Bhat, Zarka Sarwar and Asiya Batool contributed equally

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Sajad Ahmad Bhat & Asiya Batool

  2. Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Zarka Sarwar

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Sameer Ahmed Bhat

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  1. Sajad Ahmad Bhat
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  2. Zarka Sarwar
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  4. Sameer Ahmed Bhat
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Correspondence to Sameer Ahmed Bhat .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mumtaz Anwar

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Wachemo University, Hosaena, Ethiopia

    Riyaz Ahmad Rather

  3. Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Zeenat Farooq

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Bhat, S.A., Sarwar, Z., Batool, A., Bhat, S.A. (2022). Biotechnology in Medicine: Fundamentals. In: Anwar, M., Ahmad Rather, R., Farooq, Z. (eds) Fundamentals and Advances in Medical Biotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98554-7_2

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