Skip to main content

Innovations in Ambulatory Stewardship

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Infection Prevention
  • 1215 Accesses

Abstract

Ambulatory antibiotic use accounts for most of the global consumption of antibiotics leading to selection pressure, multidrug resistance, and significant healthcare costs (https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/pdfs/16_268900-A_CoreElementsOutpatient_508.pdf) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Core Elements of outpatient antimicrobial stewardship in 2016 as a framework to develop, expand, and evaluate ambulatory stewardship programs, which must address overuse in multiple settings (e.g., urgent care centers, adult and pediatric outpatient practices, dental practices, and retail clinics). As such, we present examples of innovative yet adaptable outpatient stewardship initiatives encompassing a variety of settings. We also address patterns of ambulatory antibiotic prescribing and novel stewardship initiatives implemented during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, Srinivasan A, Dellit TH, Falck-Ytter YT, Fishman NO, Hamilton CW, Jenkins TC, Lipsett PA, Malani PN, May LS, Moran GJ, Neuhauser MM, Newland JG, Ohl CA, Samore MH, Seo SK, Kavita K. Trivedi, implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the infectious diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):e51–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/pdfs/16_268900-A_CoreElementsOutpatient_508.pdf.

  3. Suda K, et al. Antibiotic expenditures by medication, class, and healthcare setting in the United States, 2010–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(2):185–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Stenehjem E, Wallin A, Fleming-Dutra KE, Buckel WR, Stanfield V, Brunisholz KD, Sorensen J, Samore MH, Srivastava R, Hicks LA, Hersh AL. Antibiotic prescribing variability in a large urgent care network: a new target for outpatient stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(8):1781–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz910. PMID: 31641768; PMCID: PMC7768670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. CMS Final Rule on Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://asm.org/Articles/Policy/CMS-Final-Rule-on-Antibiotic-Stewardship-Programs.

  6. Approved: New Antimicrobial Stewardship Standard. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/enterprise/tjc/imported-resource-assets/documents/new_antimicrobial_stewardship_standardpdf.pdf?db=web&hash=69307456CCE435B134854392C7FA7D76&hash=69307456CCE435B134854392C7FA7D76.

  7. National Survey Reveals Barriers to Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship Efforts. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2020/08/national-survey-reveals-barriers-to-outpatient-antibiotic-stewardship-efforts.

  8. Sulis G, Adam P, Nafade V, et al. Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(6):e1003139. Published 2020 Jun 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003139.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, Adewuyi EO, Abdu-Aguye SN, Adeloye D, Strickland-Hodge B, Morgan DJ. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019;78(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.001. Epub 2018 Jul 5. PMID: 29981773.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. World Health Organization, Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in Healthcare Facilities in Low and Middle Income Countries, a Practical Toolkit. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329404/9789241515481-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

  11. Pollack LA, van Santen KL, Weiner LM, Dudeck MA, Edwards JR, Srinivasan A. Antibiotic stewardship programs in U.S. acute care hospitals: findings from the 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Hospital Survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):443–9. PMID: 27199462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pollack LA, Srinivasan A. Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S97–S100. PMID: 25261548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Meeker D, Knight TK, Friedberg MW, Linder JA, Goldstein NJ, Fox CR, Rothfeld A, Diaz G, Doctor JN. Nudging guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):425–31. PMID: 24474434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Little P, Moore M, Kelly J, Williamson I, Leydon G, McDermott L, Mullee M, Stuart B, PIPS Investigators. Delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies for respiratory tract infections in primary care: pragmatic, factorial, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014;348:g1606. PMID: 24603565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Meeker D, Linder JA, Fox CR, Friedberg MW, Persell SD, Goldstein NJ, Knight TK, Hay JW, Doctor JN. Effect of behavioral interventions on inappropriate antibiotic prescribing among primary care practices: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(6):562–70. PMID: 26864410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harper R, Temkin T, Bhargava R. Optimizing the use of telephone nursing advice for upper respiratory infection symptoms. Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(4):264–70. PMID: 26014465.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1–187. PMID: 34292926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Watson KJ, Trautner B, Russo H, Phe K, Lasco T, Pipkins T, Lembcke B, Al MM. Using clinical decision support to improve urine culture diagnostic stewardship, antimicrobial stewardship, and financial cost: a multicenter experience. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(5):564–70. Epub 2020 Mar 5. PMID: 32131910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Roy CL, Poon EG, Karson AS, Ladak-Merchant Z, Johnson RE, Maviglia SM, Gandhi TK. Patient safety concerns arising from test results that return after hospital discharge. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(2):121–8. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-2-200507190-00011. PMID: 16027454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones JM, Leedahl ND, Losing A, Carson PJ, Leedahl DD. A pilot study for antimicrobial stewardship post-discharge: avoiding pitfalls at the transitions of care. J Pharm Pract. 2018;31(2):140–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190017699775. Epub 2017 Mar 27. PMID: 28343444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Davis LC, Covey RB, Weston JS, Hu BB, Laine GA. Pharmacist-driven antimicrobial optimization in the emergency department. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73(5 Suppl 1):S49–56. https://doi.org/10.2146/sp150036. PMID: 26896526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pulia M, Redwood R, May L. Antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018;36(4):853–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Giruzzi ME, Tawwater JC, Grelle JL. Evaluation of antibiotic utilization in an emergency department after implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist culture review service. Hosp Pharm. 2020;55(4):261–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018578719844171. Epub 2019 Apr 22. PMID: 32742015; PMCID: PMC7370348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bao H, Dubrovskaya Y, Jen SP, Decano A, Ahmed N, Pham VP, Papadopoulos J, Siegfried J. Novel multidisciplinary approach for outpatient antimicrobial stewardship using an emergency department follow-up program. J Pharm Pract. 2021:8971900211048311. https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900211048311. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34592864.

  25. Gulliford MC, Sun X, Charlton J, et al. Serious bacterial infections and antibiotic prescribing in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records in the UK. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e036975. Published 2020 Feb 28. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036975.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Butler CC, Simpson SA, Dunstan F, Rollnick S, Cohen D, Gillespie D, et al. Effectiveness of multifaceted educational programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary care: practice based randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:d8173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d8173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Fiks AG, et al. Effect of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2345–52. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.6287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Buehrle DJ, Shively NR, Wagener MM, Clancy CJ, Decker BK. Sustained reductions in overall and unnecessary antibiotic prescribing at primary care clinics in a veterans affairs healthcare system following a multifaceted stewardship intervention. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):e316–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Buehrle DJ, Nguyen MH, Wagener MM, Clancy CJ. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(12):ofaa575. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Vaduganathan M, van Meijgaard J, Mehra MR, Joseph J, O’Donnell CJ, Warraich HJ. Prescription fill patterns for commonly used drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2524–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.9184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Dilworth TJ, Brummitt CF. Reduction in ambulatory visits for acute, uncomplicated bronchitis: an unintended but welcome result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(10):1291–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M, Satta G, Cooke G, Holmes A. Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2459–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa530. PMID: 32358954; PMCID: PMC7197596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nori P, Cowman K, Chen V, Bartash R, Szymczak W, Madaline T, Punjabi Katiyar C, Jain R, Aldrich M, Weston G, Gialanella P, Corpuz M, Gendlina I, Guo Y. Bacterial and fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the New York City pandemic surge. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(1):84–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.368. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PMID: 32703320; PMCID: PMC7417979.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. So M, Morris AM, Nelson S, Bell CM, Husain S. Antimicrobial stewardship by academic detailing improves antimicrobial prescribing in solid organ transplant patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(10):1915–23. Epub 2019 Jul 19. PMID: 31325060.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Doukas FF, Cheong E, McKew G, Gray T, McLachlan AJ, Gottlieb T. Antimicrobial Stewardship Audit and Feedback rounds: moving beyond the restricted antibiotic list and the impact of electronic systems. Intern Med J. 2021;51(11):1876–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14979. PMID: 32672887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Westerhof LR, Dumkow LE, Hanrahan TL, McPharlin SV, Egwuatu NE. Outcomes of an ambulatory care pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship program within a family medicine resident clinic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(6):715–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1275. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 33183399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. May L, Klein EY, Martinez EM, Mojica N, Miller LG. Incidence and factors associated with emergency department visits for recurrent skin and soft tissue infections in patients in California, 2005–2011. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(4):746–54. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27917738.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. New York City Antibiogram. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/providers/resources/antibiogram.page.

  39. Cowman K, Chen V, Guo Y, et al. Using technology to enhance antimicrobial stewardship impact in the acute care setting. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2020;12:145–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00218-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. COVID-19 treatment guidelines. National Institute of Health. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov.

  41. Fact sheet for health care providers, emergency use authorization (EUA) of bamlanivimab. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/143603/download.

  42. Fact sheet for health care providers, emergency use authorization (EUA) of REGEN-COV (casirivimab with imdevimab). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/145611/download.

  43. Fact sheet for health care providers, emergency use authorization (EUA) of bamlanivimab and etesevimab. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/145802/download.

  44. Fact sheet for health care providers, emergency use authorization (EUA) of sotrovimab. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/149534/download.

  45. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, et al. REGN-COV2, a neutralizing antibody cocktail, in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):238–51. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chen P, Nirula A, Heller B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):229–37. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2029849.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gottlieb RL, Nirula A, Chen P, et al. Effect of bamlanivimab as mnotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(7):632–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Dougan M, Nirula A, Azizad M, et al. Bamlanivimab plus etesevimab in mild or moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102685.

  49. Weinreich DM, Sivapalasingam S, Norton T, et al. REGEN-COV antibody combination and outcomes in outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2108163.

  50. Destache CJ, Aurit SJ, Schmidt D, Peet Erkes L, Tierney M, Vivekanandan R. Bamlanivimab use in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease: a matched cohort design. Pharmacotherapy. 2021;41(9):743–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Webb BJ, Buckel W, Vento T, et al. Real-world effectiveness and tolerability of monoclonal antibody therapy for ambulatory patients with early COVID-19. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab331. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab331.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Bariola JR, McCreary EK, Wadas RJ, et al. Impact of bamlanivimab monoclonal antibody treatment on hospitalization and mortality among nonhospitalized adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab254. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Verderese JP, Stepanova M, Lam B, et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment reduces hospitalization for mild and moderate COVID-19: a real-world experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab579.

  54. Razonable RR, Pawlowski C, O'Horo JC, et al. Casirivimab-Imdevimab treatment is associated with reduced rates of hospitalization among high-risk patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease-19. E Clin Med. 2021:101102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101102.

  55. Patel PK, Nori P, Stevens MP. Antimicrobial stewardship and bamlanivimab: opportunities for outpatient preauthorization? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1343.

  56. Mazdeyasna H, Nori P, Patel P, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship at the core of COVID-19 response efforts: implications for sustaining and building programs. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2020;22(9):23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-020-00734-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Stevens MP, Patel PK, Nori P. Involving antimicrobial stewardship programs in COVID-19 response efforts: all hands on deck. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(6):744–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Merck and Ridgeback’s investigational oral antiviral molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization or death by approximately 50 percent compared to placebo for patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 in positive interim analysis of phase 3 study. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.merck.com/news/merck-and-ridgebacks-investigational-oral-antiviral-molnupiravir-reduced-the-risk-of-hospitalization-or-death-by-approximately-50-percent-compared-to-placebo-for-patients-with-mild-or-moderat/.

  59. United States Food and Drug Administration. Why you should not use ivermectin to treat or prevent COVID-19. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/why-you-should-not-use-ivermectin-treat-or-prevent-covid-19.

  60. Infectious Diseases Society of America. COVID-19 real-time learning network. Accessed 14 Oct 2021. https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/therapeutics-and-interventions/other-therapeutics/#ivermectin.

  61. Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027336.

  62. Pierce J, Apisarnthanarak A, Schellack N, Cornistein W, Maani AA, Adnan S, Stevens MP. Global antimicrobial stewardship with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:621–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.126. Epub 2020 Jun 4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Lam TT, Dang DA, Tran HH, Do DV, Le H, Negin J, Jan S, Marks GB, Nguyen TA, Fox GJ, Beardsley J. What are the most effective community-based antimicrobial stewardship interventions in low- and middle-income countries? A narrative review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(5):1117–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa556.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sulis G, Batomen B, Kotwani A, Pai M, Gandra S. Sales of antibiotics and hydroxychloroquine in India during the COVID-19 epidemic: an interrupted time series analysis. PLoS Med. 2021;18(7):e1003682. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003682. PMID: 34197449; PMCID: PMC8248656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Priya Nori .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chang, M., Bao, H., Cowman, K., Golia, A., Guo, Y., Nori, P. (2022). Innovations in Ambulatory Stewardship. In: Bearman, G., Morgan, D.J., K. Murthy, R., Hota, S. (eds) Infection Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98427-4_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98427-4_33

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98426-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98427-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics