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Landfill Leachate Treatment

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Solid Waste Engineering and Management

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 25))

Abstract

Disposal of municipal solid waste is an environmental burden worldwide, and landfilling is still the widely applied solution for the management of discarded solid waste because of its cost-effectiveness and simpler operational mechanism. Due to the complex reactions inside, landfills generate severely polluted wastewater streams recognized as leachate. Leachate is concentrated wastewater with extreme pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), organic refractory compounds, inorganic salts and toxicity. It is a typical dilemma of a landfill system and a potential threat for environmental elements, which must be treated before discharge into water bodies. Because of the variability in waste composition depending on the landfilling practice, local climatic conditions, landfill’s physicochemical conditions, bio geochemistry and landfill age, treatment of leachate becomes more critical than municipal wastewater. Numerous biological, physicochemical treatment methods are being practised worldwide for landfill leachate. This chapter aims to summarize an overview of the different innovative options applied for landfill leachate treatment and the way forward.

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Abbreviations

AF:

Anaerobic filter

AlSO4:

Aluminium sulphate

AOP:

Advanced oxidation process

AOX:

Halogenated hydrocarbon

ASBR:

Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor

ASEAN:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

BOD5:

5 Days biochemical oxygen demand

CaCO3:

Calcium carbonate

CaH2PO4.H2O:

Calcium hydrogen phosphate

CBOD:

Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

Cl-:

Chloride

C/N:

Carbon to nitrogen ratio

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

COPTS:

Cross-linked oil palm trunk starch

DAF:

Dissolved air flotation

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

DOM:

Dissolved organic matter

EF:

Electro-flotation

FBR:

Fluidized bed reactor

FeCl3:

Ferric chloride

FeSO4:

Ferrous sulphate

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

H2:

Hydrogen

H2O:

Water

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

H2SO4:

Sulphuric acid

H3PO4:

Phosphate acid

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

IAF:

Induced air flotation

JSS:

Jackfruit seed starch

LMC:

Larger molecular weight

MAP:

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

MBBR:

Moving bed biofilm reactor

MBR:

Membrane biological reactor

MF:

Microfiltration

MgCl2.6H2O:

Magnesium chloride

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

Mg (OH)2:

Magnesium hydroxide

MgSO4:

Magnesium sulphate

MOC:

Mean oxidation number of carbons

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

MW:

Molecular weight

Na2HPO4.12H2O:

Sodium hydrogen phosphate

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NF:

Nanofiltration

NH3:

Ammonia

NH4+:

Ammonium

NH4–N:

Ammoniacal nitrogen

NH4OH:

Ammonium hydroxide

NO3-N:

Nitrite

NOM:

Natural organic matter

NSTS:

Native sago trunk starch

O3:

Ozone

OCl−:

Hypochlorite ions

OH−:

Hydroxide ion

OPTS:

Oil palm trunk starch

PAC:

Powdered activated carbon

PO34−-P:

Orthophosphate

PtCo:

Platinum cobalt

RBC:

Rotating biological contactor

RF:

Rice flour

RO:

Reverse osmosis

SALL:

Semi-aerobic landfill leachate

SBR:

Sequencing batch reactor

SiO2:

Silicon dioxide

S-MBR:

Activated sludge plant equipped with filtration membrane

SO42−:

Sulphate

THM:

Trihalomethanes

TiO:

Titanium oxide

TL:

Tobacco leaf

TN:

Total nitrogen

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TSS:

Total suspended solid

UASB:

Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket

UF:

Ultrafiltration

UV:

Ultraviolet

VFA:

Volatile fatty acid

VOC:

Volatile organic carbon

VS:

Volatile solid

Δ ED:

is the variation of water content in waste

b :

is the adsorption energy

B :

is the quantity of water produced by biochemical reactions

C 0 :

is the initial concentration of adsorbate (mg/L)

C b :

is the breakthrough leachate concentration (mg/L)

C e :

is the equilibrium concentration of the remaining substrate in the water (mg/L)

C i :

is the influent leachate concentration (mg/L)

ED:

is the water content of the waste

ETR:

is the real evapo-transpiration

G :

is the water loss as vapour associated with biogas

I :

is the infiltration at the bottom of the cell

k :

is the constant

K 1 :

is the equilibrium rate constants of pseudo first order (min−1)

K 2 :

is the equilibrium rate constants of pseudo-second order (g/mg min)

𝐾 f :

is the Freundlich affinity coefficient (L/mg)

L :

is the leachate volume that can be produced

M :

is the mass of the adsorbent

M c :

is mass of adsorbent (limestone) (g)

n :

is the exponential constant, which represents the adsorption capacity

P :

is the rainfall amount of the site

Q :

is the flow rate (m3/day)

q :

is the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/gm) to complete monolayer

q e :

is the amount of the pollutant adsorbed (mg/g) at equilibrium

q t :

is the amount of the pollutant adsorbed (mg/g) at time t

R ext :

is the water quantity dripping from outside the site inward

R int :

is water dripping from the inside to the outside of the site

RM:

is the Ringgit Malaysia currency

tb :

is time to breakthrough (day)

V :

is the volume of sample (ml)

X :

is the mass of the adsorbate

(x/m)b:

is field breakthrough adsorption capacity (g/g)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Mibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Zaber Ahmed & Mohd Suffian Yusoff

  2. Solid Waste Management Cluster, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Hamidi Abdul Aziz

  3. Faculty of Ocean Engineering, Technology and Informatics, Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari & Shahrul Ismail

  4. Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Izan Jaafar

  5. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

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  1. Hamidi Abdul Aziz
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  3. Zaber Ahmed
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    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary

Advanced oxidation process (AOP)

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials from water and wastewater by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, in real-world applications of wastewater treatment, this term usually refers to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and/or UV light. One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation.

Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water purification process that removes oil and solids from wastewaters (and other water sources). Air is removed from water or wastewater in a flotation tank basin by dissolving it under pressure and then releasing it at atmospheric pressure. It is possible to remove the suspended matter from the water using a skimming device because of the bubbles formed by the release of air.

DNA

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long molecule that carries our genetic code. It is like a recipe book for the proteins in our bodies, with step-by-by-step instructions.

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

Municipal solid waste refers to waste that is either collected by the municipality or disposed of at a municipal waste disposal site, which includes items such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. This comes from our homes, institutions like schools and hospitals, and businesses.

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) or sequential batch reactors are activated sludge processes used for wastewater treatment. SBR treat wastewater in batches, such as sewage or the output from anaerobic digesters or mechanical biological treatment facilities. Water and activated sludge are mixed with oxygen to reduce the organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively). In some cases, treated effluent may be suitable for discharge into surface waters or for use on land.

Van der Waal forces

In general, it describes the attraction of intermolecular forces between molecules. Because of the electric polarization that other particles induce in each particle, only weak attractive forces act on neutral atoms and molecules.

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are linear short-chain aliphatic mono-carboxylate compounds, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, which are the building blocks of different organic compounds. Two to six carbon atoms are found in VFAs, which include acetic acid and caproic acid. Anaerobic digestion is tightly regulated by VFAs. Methane and carbon dioxide are produced as a result of the decomposition of organic matter.

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Aziz, H.A. et al. (2022). Landfill Leachate Treatment. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Solid Waste Engineering and Management. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96989-9_8

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