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Endocrine System

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The Pathophysiologic Basis of Nuclear Medicine

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Abstract

The thyroid gland develops from the foramen cecum of the tongue, to which it is connected by the thyroglossal duct. It descends during fetal life to reach the anterior neck by about the seventh week. Absent or aberrant descent results in ectopic locations, including the sublingual region and superior mediastinum. The thyroid follicle consists of a colloid center, which acts as a storage site for thyroid hormone, surrounded by epithelial cells. The function of the thyroid gland is to utilize iodine, found in many foods, to form thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. The last organ to be recognized in man, the parathyroid glands, was discovered in 1880 by a Swedish medical student. The parathyroid glands are affected by a number of primary pathological processes—neoplasia (adenoma and carcinoma) and hyperplasia (wasserhelle cell and chief cell types)—that resulted in overactivity and required surgical removal of one or more of them. Nuclear medicine has an important role in preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands which help decrease surgical manipulation and morbidity.

The adult adrenal glands weigh 8–10 g and lie above and slightly medial to the upper pole of both kidneys. The outer cortex comprises 90% of the adrenal weight, and the inner medulla about 10%. In neuroendocrine tumors, nuclear medicine is particularly important in the diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment. This chapter presents the various relevant disease processes, their diagnosis by scintigrapy in correlation with the pathophysiologic changes.

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    Saud A. Alenezi & Abdelhamid H. Elgazzar

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    Abdelhamid H. Elgazzar

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Alenezi, S.A., Elgazzar, A.H. (2022). Endocrine System. In: Elgazzar, A.H. (eds) The Pathophysiologic Basis of Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96252-4_6

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