Abstract
Coopetition (mix of cooperation and competition) is a strategy used by most businesses that mutually benefit from each other (Pattinson et al., 2018; Gnyawali et al., 2016). Coopetition was seen among vaccine and medical equipment manufacturers in the USA, Germany, and China who shared knowledge to collectively develop Covid-19 vaccines and other equipment such as masks and ventilators (Bloomberg, 2021; Reuters, 2020). Crick and Crick (2020) suggest decision-making authorities to adopt coopetition strategies during emergencies and benefit mutually through data sharing and law relaxations. Crick and Crick (2020) also identify technological collaborations between technology providers such as Apple and Google to be beneficial to business organizations and the public. Businesses must quickly and strategically make their move during global crises to deal with challenges (Liu et al., 2020). Businesses must also design predictive models to plan uninterrupted supply chain (Liu et al., 2020). This could include setting up manufacturing units in different geographical locations, diversified business operations, and so on. Multinational companies (MNCs) are capable of mobilizing funds and resources in emergencies since they operate in multiple locations. The predictive model must consider different scenarios (Liu et al., 2020) such as financial, health, and economy crises. Organizations must now include pandemics, natural disasters, wars, and so on in emergency preparedness and have a strategy in place. For business sustainability, the “triple bottom line” theory is considered most suitable for designing a firm’s strategy. This theory speaks of maintaining a perfect balance between people, profit, and planet (Elkington, 2013; Mattera et al., 2021).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aceto, G., Persico, V., & Pescapé, A. (2019). A survey on information and communication technologies for industry 4.0: State-of-the-art, taxonomies, perspectives, and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 21(4), 3467–3501.
Agarwal, R. (2021, May 5). How tech giants, Indian and MNC companies are helping India in fighting Covid 19? Good Returns. https://www.goodreturns.in/news/how-tech-giants-indian-and-mnc-companies-are-helping-india-in-fighting-covid-19-1209134.html
Aguinis, H., & Burgi-Tian, J. (2021). Talent management challenges during COVID-19 and beyond: Performance management to the rescue. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 24(3) 23409444211009528.
Akpan, I. J., Udoh, E. A. P., & Adebisi, B. (2020). Small business awareness and adoption of state-of-the-art technologies in emerging and developing markets, and lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1–18.
Al-Nawayseh, M. K. (2020). Fintech in COVID-19 and beyond: What factors are affecting customers’ choice of FinTech applications? Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 1–15.
Alon, I. (2020). COVID-19 and international business: A viewpoint. FIIB Business Review, 9(2), 75–77.
Bagherzadeh, M., Markovic, S., & Bogers, M. (2021). Managing open innovation: A projectlevel perspective. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(1), 301–316.
Bloomberg. (2021, April 28). Merkel calls for deeper cooperation with China on covid vaccines. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-28/merkel-calls-for-deeper-cooperation-with-china-on-covid-vaccines
Buckley, R. P., & Webster, S. (2016). FinTech in developing countries: charting new customer journeys. Journal of Financial Transformation, 44, pg. 151–159
CBInsights. (2020, September 16). All of big tech’s acquisitions since the covid-19 outbreak. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/big-tech-acquisitions-covid-19/
Chapman, B. (2020, March 20). Coronavirus: Supermarkets can now share staff, depots and data to help ‘feed the nation’. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/coronavirus-supermarkets-uk-staff-depots-food-a9413146.html
Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 410–413.
Cook, J. (2015). A six-stage business continuity and disaster recovery planning cycle. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 80(3), 23.
Corey, C. M., & Deitch, E. A. (2011). Factors affecting business recovery immediately after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(3), 170–181.
Crick, J. M., & Crick, D. (2020). Coopetition and COVID-19: Collaborative business-to-business marketing strategies in a pandemic crisis. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 206–213.
Dalal, P. (2021, June 28). Enabling European micro, small & medium enterprises in the digital economy. The Forum Network. https://www.oecd-forum.org/posts/enabling-european-micro-small-medium-enterprises-in-the-digital-economy
Doern, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship and crisis management: The experiences of small businesses during the London 2011 riots. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 276–302.
Elkington, J. (2013). Enter the triple bottom line. In The triple bottom line (pp. 23–38). Routledge.
Fabeil, N. F., Pazim, K. H., & Langgat, J. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic crisis on micro-enterprises: Entrepreneurs’ perspective on business continuity and recovery strategy. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2).
Fath, B., Fiedler, A., Sinkovics, N., Sinkovics, R. R., & Sullivan-Taylor, B. (2021). International relationships and resilience of New Zealand SME exporters during COVID-19. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 17(2), 359–379.
Financial Express. (2020, April 29). After local shops, Amazon extends support to Covid-hit small, medium logistics partners with new fund. https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/msme-logi-jeff-bezos-amazons-india-arm-to-support-smb-logistics-partners-to-fight-covid-19-lockdown-and-manage-cash-flows-liquidity/1942948/
Gilbert, R., & Tewes-Gradl, C. (2020, November 5). Put collaboration at the heart of global efforts to re-build MSMEs post covid-19. InclusiveBusiness.net. https://www.inclusivebusiness.net/ib-voices/put-collaboration-heart-global-efforts-re-build-msmes-post-covid-19
Gnyawali, D. R., Madhavan, R., He, J., & Bengtsson, M. (2016). The competition–cooperation paradox in inter-firm relationships: A conceptual framework. Industrial Marketing Management, 53, 7–18.
Google for Startups. (2021). Canadian startup Arkangel AI taps into Cloud tech to remotely detect disease in seconds—including COVID-19. https://startup.google.com/stories/arkangelai/
Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., & Tat, H. H. (2020). The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) on e-business in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85–90.
Herbane, B. (2013). Exploring crisis management in UK small-and-medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 21(2), 82–95.
Homburg, C., Kuester, S., Beutin, N., & Menon, A. (2005). Determinants of customer benefits in business-to-business markets: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of International Marketing, 13(3), 1–31.
Hong, P., Huang, C., & Li, B. (2012). Crisis management for SMEs: Insights from a multiple-case study. International Journal of Business Excellence, 5(5), 535–553.
Huang, Z., & Palvia, P. (2001). ERP implementation issues in advanced and developing countries. Business Process Management Journal.
International Labour Organization. (2021). Implications of the COVID-19 crisis for enterprises’ human resource management policies and practices. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-dgreports/%2D%2D-inst/documents/publication/wcms_793080.pdf
JETRO. (2020). Changes and business opportunities brought to the Japanese market by COVID-19. https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/en/invest/reports/report2020/pdf/report2020_3.pdf
Kakkar, S., Dash, S., Vohra, N., & Saha, S. (2020). Engaging employees through effective performance management: An empirical examination. Benchmarking: An International Journal.
Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gaudig, A., Hinderer, S., Reyes, C. A. M., Prochotta, A., … Berger, E. S. (2020). Startups in times of crisis–A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00169.
Kuofie, M., & Muhammad, N. M. N. (2021). Leaders perspective on post COVID-19 pandemic period: Global business focus. International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 7(1), 13–36.
Kurschus, R. J., Sarapovas, T., & Cvilikas, A. (2015). The criteria to identify company’s crisis in the SME sector. Engineering Economics, 26(2), 152–158.
Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: Mediating and moderating roles of work motivation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 504–522.
Leckel, A., Veilleux, S., & Dana, L. P. (2020). Local open innovation: A means for public policy to increase collaboration for innovation in SMEs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 153, 119891.
Leung, G. M., Ho, L. M., Chan, S. K., Ho, S. Y., Bacon-Shone, J., Choy, R. Y., & Fielding, R. (2005). Longitudinal assessment of community psychobehavioral responses during and after the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40(12), 1713–1720.
Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: The management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Business & Management, 1.
Love, H., & Powe, M. (2020, December 1). Rural small businesses need local solutions to survive. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/rural-small-businesses-need-local-solutions-to-survive/
Lucaci, A., & Nastase, C. (2020). European rural businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Designing initiatives for current and future development. LUMEN Proceedings, 13, 419–429.
Markovic, S., Koporcic, N., Arslanagic-Kalajdzic, M., Kadic-Maglajlic, S., Bagherzadeh, M., & Islam, N. (2021). Business-to-business open innovation: COVID-19 lessons for small and medium-sized enterprises from emerging markets. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120883.
Mattera, M., Gonzalez, F. S., Ruiz-Morales, C. A., & Gava, L. (2021). Facing a global crisis-how sustainable business models helped firms overcome COVID. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society.
McConnell, A. (2011). Success? Failure? Something in-between? A framework for evaluating crisis management. Policy and Society, 30, 63–76.
McKinsey & Company. (2020a, May 5). COVID-19’s effect on jobs at small businesses in the United States. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/covid-19s-effect-on-jobs-at-small-businesses-in-the-united-states
Molla, A., & Licker, P. S. (2005). eCommerce adoption in developing countries: A model and instrument. Information & Management, 42(6), 877–899.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.
Mueller, J. T., McConnell, K., Burow, P. B., Pofahl, K., Merdjanoff, A. A., & Farrell, J. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(1).
Neuwirth, R. J., & Svetlicinii, A. (2015). Law as a social medicine: Enhancing international inter-regime regulatory coopetition as a means for the establishment of a global health governance framework. Journal of Legal Medicine, 36(3–4), 330–366.
OECD. (2020a, May 26). Co-operation between competitors in the time of COVID-19. https://www.oecd.org/competition/Co-operation-between-competitors-in-the-time-of-COVID-19.pdf
OECD. (2020b, November 10). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/
OECD. (2020c, October 12). Job retention schemes during the COVID-19 lockdown and beyond. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/job-retention-schemes-during-the-covid-19-lockdown-and-beyond-0853ba1d/
Pattinson, S., Nicholson, J., & Lindgreen, A. (2018). Emergent coopetition from a sensemaking perspective: A multi-level analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, 68, 25–35.
Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Ramsey, E., McCole, P., Ibbotson, P., & Compeau, D. (2009). Understanding online customer repurchasing intention and the mediating role of trust–an empirical investigation in two developed countries. European Journal of Information Systems, 18(3), 205–222.
Reuters. (2020, July 22). Trump willing to work with China on COVID-19 vaccine for U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-china-idUSKCN24M31I
Salamzadeh, A., & Dana, L. P. (2020). The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Challenges among Iranian startups. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1–24.
Seraphin, H., & Dosquet, F. (2020). Mountain tourism and second home tourism as post COVID-19 lockdown placebo? Worldwide hospitality and tourism themes.
Sharma, S., Singh, G., & Aiyub, A. S. (2020). Use of social networking sites by SMEs to engage with their customers: A developing country perspective. Journal of Internet Commerce, 19(1), 62–81.
Sheth, J. (2020b). Impact of Covid-19 on consumer behavior: Will the old habits return or die? Journal of Business Research, 117, 280–283.
Silva, L. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism: A case study from Portugal. Anatolia, 1–3.
Singh, R. K., & Kumar, R. (2020). Strategic issues in supply chain management of Indian SMEs due to globalization: An empirical study. Benchmarking: An International Journal.
Skrbková, D. (2020). Attributes of customer perceived value in developed and developing countries. International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social Sciences.
Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Mehrotra, A., Clemensen, J., & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 26(5), 309–313.
The Economic Times. (2020, May 2). In the fight against Covid-19, MSMEs and startups can help each other.
The Financial Times. (2020, June 19). Prospering in the pandemic: The top 100 companies. https://www.ft.com/content/844ed28c-8074-4856-bde0-20f3bf4cd8f0
UK Research and Innovation. (2021, March 10). UK start-ups collaborate in the fight against COVID-19. https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-start-ups-collaborate-in-the-fight-against-covid-19/
UNCTAD Report. (2020). South-South Cooperation at the time of COVID-19 - Building solidarity among developing countries. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/gdsinf2020d4_en.pdf
Vaishar, A., & Šťastná, M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia preliminary considerations. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–5.
Vanhaverbeke, W. (2017). Managing open innovation in SMEs. Cambridge University Press.
VoxEU. (2020, June 23). Start-ups in the time of COVID-19: Facing the challenges, seizing the opportunities. https://voxeu.org/article/challenges-and-opportunities-start-ups-time-covid-19
Wendt, C., Adam, M., Benlian, A., & Kraus, S. (2021). Let’s connect to keep the distance: How SMEs leverage information and communication technologies to address the COVID-19 crisis. Information Systems Frontiers.
Williams, T. A., Gruber, D. A., Sutcliffe, K. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 733–769.
World Bank Blog. (2020, May 1). Foreign direct investment and global value chains in the wake of COVID-19. https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/foreign-direct-investment-and-global-value-chains-wake-covid-19
WTO (World Trade Organization). (2020, August 3). The economic impact of covid-19 on women in vulnerable sectors and economies. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/info_note_covid_05aug20_e.pdf
Xing, Y., Liu, Y., Boojihawon, D. K., & Tarba, S. (2020). Entrepreneurial team and strategic agility: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100696.
Yacoub, L., & ElHajjar, S. (2021). How do hotels in developing countries manage the impact of COVID-19? The case of Lebanese hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pereira, V., Temouri, Y., Vaz, D. (2022). Business Relationships Between Businesses and Customers. In: Managing Sustainable Business Relationships in a Post Covid-19 Era. SpringerBriefs in Business. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96199-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96199-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96198-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96199-2
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)