Abstract
The emergence of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as a global economic power has translated into its increased influence abroad. This is particularly evident in Africa. In the past two decades, China’s investments on the continent have skyrocketed and China has become the major trading partner for most African countries, often prompting a transformation of these countries’ foreign policies in support of China. While the PRC prides itself on not imposing conditionalities for its investments or development financing, one de facto precondition is the recognition of the One-China policy. The PRC has brought all African countries, except Eswatini, to change their international stance and recognize the PRC instead of the Republic of China (ROC). How has China been able to advocate the One-China policy in Africa so successfully? This chapter focuses on two of the countries that most recently switched sides, Malawi (2007) and Burkina Faso (2018), as well as Eswatini, the only African country that has not yet recognized the PRC, to investigate the strategies used by the PRC vis-à-vis those used by ROC. It sheds new light on how China transforms its power into influence in the context of selected African countries’ recognition of the One-China policy. The chapter argues that it is no longer a matter of under what conditions the PRC can advance its One-China Policy in Africa, for its economic presence on the continent has become so important that not supporting it is no longer an option.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
See China Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP), China Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=CN.
- 2.
Full Text of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s keynote speech at the World Economic Forum in 2017 available at http://www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm.
- 3.
A. Gat, “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers,” 86 Foreign Affairs 4 (2007): 59–69; Cooley, A. & J. Heathershaw, Dictators Without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017); L Diamond, “The Democratic rollback the resurgence of predatory state.” 86 Foreign Affairs 2 (2008): 36–84; T. Ambrosio, “Constructing a Framework of Authoritarian Diffusion: Concepts, Dynamics, and Future Research.” International Studies Perspectives 11 (2010): 375–392; Alon, I. & J. Chang, China Rules Globalization and Political Transformation (New York: Palgrave, MacMillan, 2009).
- 4.
“Conditionality in China’s Aid Model,” Carnegie-Tsinghua Roundtable, January 10, 2012, https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/01/10/conditionality-in-china-s-aid-model-event-4024.
- 5.
D. J. Muekalia, “Africa and China’s Strategic Partnership,” African Security Studies 13, no. 1 (2004): 5–12.
- 6.
See, for instance, Hugh White, The China Choice (Collingwood: Black, 2012); Martin Jacques, When China Rules the World (London: Allen Lane, 2009); David Lampton, The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); John Mearsheimer, ‘China’s Unpeaceful Rise,’ Current History 105 (April 2006): 160–2; Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007); Scott L. Kastner, “Buying Influence? Assessing the Political Effects of China’s International Trade,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, no. 6 (2016).
- 7.
Harold D. Lasswell, World Politics faces Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945), 9.
- 8.
The Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council, “White Paper—The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue,” Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway (Chinese Embassy in Norway, last modified May 17, 2004), https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm.
- 9.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy towards Africa: The case of ROC-RSA relations” (PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand, 2008), 126–127.
- 10.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 128.
- 11.
“Restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly,” United Nations Digital Library, October 25, 1971, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/654350?ln=en.
- 12.
Ray S. Cline, “Toward a Two Chinas Policy,” Asian Affairs: An American Review 3, no. 5 (May–Jun., 1976): 281–286; Edward Friedman, “China’s Changing Taiwan Policy,” American Journal of Chinese Studies 14, no. 2 (October 2007): 119–134.
- 13.
Czeslaw Tubilewicz, “Taiwan’s Balkan option: A new chapter in Republic of China ‘dollar diplomacy’,” Diplomacy and Statecraft 12, no. 1 (2001): 161.
- 14.
Ben Blanchard, and J.R. Wu, “With Gambia Move, China Ends Diplomatic Truce with Taiwan.” Reuters, March 17, 2016.
- 15.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 91.
- 16.
Ian Taylor, “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy and Africa: The limitations of dollar diplomacy,” Journal of Contemporary China 11, no. 30 (2002): 134, DOI: 10.1080/10670560120091174.
- 17.
Bhaso Ndzendze, “African Democratization and the One China Policy,” E-International Relations (Jan 24, 2020)
- 18.
Taylor, “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy,” 125–140.
- 19.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 92.
- 20.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 94.
- 21.
Bhaso Ndzendze, “Malawi and the One China Policy: 1964–2008,” E-International Relations (2019).
- 22.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 145.
- 23.
Bryson Nkhoma, “Taiwan or China? Contestations over Diplomatic Relations in Southern Africa, with Particular Focus on Malawi, 1961–2014,” South African Historical Journal 72, no. 4 (2020): 677–698, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2020.1857604.
- 24.
In August 2000, representatives of Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Grenada, Honduras, Malawi, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Nicaragua, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Solomon Islands, and Swaziland wrote a letter urging the UN to admit Taiwan.
- 25.
Taylor, “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy,” 137.
- 26.
“Yearender: Malawi-China Ties Grow Ever Stronger.” Xinhua, December 28, 2019, www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/28/c_138663826.htm.
- 27.
Bhaso Ndzendze, “Malawi and the One China Policy: 1964–2008.” E-International Relations. E-International Relations, April 22, 2019, https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/22/malawi-and-the-one-china-policy-1964-2008/.
- 28.
Raphael Mweninguwe, “Malawi-China Diplomatic Ties: 10 Years On.” The Diplomat, September 15, 2017, thediplomat.com/2017/09/malawi-china-diplomatic-ties-10-years-on/.
- 29.
Foreign Minister Eisenhower Mkaka of Malawi on One China Principle: Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity Is the Basic Norm of International Relations, September 18, 2018, lagos.china-consulate.org/eng/zgyw/t1816877.htm.
- 30.
Raphael Mweninguwe, “China Provides Aid to Malawi’s Embattled Health System as It Struggles to Contain COVID-19 Outbreak.” The China Africa Project, June 19, 2020, chinaafricaproject.com/analysis/china-provides-aid-to-malawis-embattled-health-system-as-it-struggles-to-contain-covid-19-outbreak/.
- 31.
“Chinese Movies Gain Growing Popularity among Malawian Communities,” China.org.cn, last modified March 23, 2021, www.china.org.cn/arts/2021-03/23/content_77337462.htm.
- 32.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 128.
- 33.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 128.
- 34.
Khan Mohammad, Guive. “The Chinese Presence in Burkina Faso: A Sino-African Cooperation from Below,” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43, no. 1 (2014): 71–101, p. 74.
- 35.
David H. Shinn and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 247; Jean-Pierre Cabestan, “Burkina Faso: Between Taiwan’s active public diplomacy and China’s business attractiveness,” South African Journal of International Affairs 23, no. 4 (2017).
- 36.
Jean-Pierre Cabestan, “Burkina Faso,” 497.
- 37.
Taylor, “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy,” 131–132.
- 38.
Taylor, “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy,” 132.
- 39.
Larry Madowo, “Eswatini—Taiwan’s Last Friend in Africa.” BBC News, January 14, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46831852.
- 40.
Burcu, Oana, and Eloïse Bertrand, “Explaining China’s Latest Catch in Africa.” The Diplomat, January 24, 2019, thediplomat.com/2019/01/explaining-chinas-latest-catch-in-africa/.
- 41.
Burcu, Oana, and Eloïse Bertrand, “Explaining China’s Latest Catch.”
- 42.
Burcu, Oana, and Eloïse Bertrand, “Explaining China’s Latest Catch.”
- 43.
Madowo, “Eswatini.”
- 44.
“WHO Coronavirus Meeting Highlights Taipei’s Last African Ally Eswatini.” South China Morning Post, May 21, 2020, www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3085449/who-coronavirus-meeting-highlights-taipeis-last-african-ally.
- 45.
S. S. Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy,” 166.
- 46.
Madowo, “Eswatini.”
- 47.
Jevans Nyabiage, “WHO Coronavirus Meeting Highlights Taipei’s Last African Ally ESwatini,” May 21, 2020, http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/blogs-podcasts-websites/who-coronavirus-meeting-highlights-taipeis-last/docview/2405144484/se-2?accountid=10226.
- 48.
“People’s Republic of China (PRC) Press Statement on Eswatini VISAs Issue.” The Swaziland News, February 1, 2020, www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=168.
- 49.
“China Threatens Eswatini over Taiwan Ties.” The Economist Intelligence Unit, February 14, 2020, country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=469064430 & Country=eSwatini & topic=Politics & subtopic=Forecast & subsubtopic=International%2Brelations.
- 50.
Charlotte Gao, “Is Eswatini on the Brink of Cutting Ties with Taiwan?” The Diplomat. Diplomat Media Inc., September 4, 2018, https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/is-eswatini-on-the-brink-of-cutting-ties-with-taiwan/.
- 51.
“Eswatini Ties Strong in Spite of PRC.” Taipei Times, February 3, 2020, www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/02/04/2003730331.
- 52.
“Eswatini Stands by Taiwan despite Chinese Overtures.” BBC News, August 22, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45271974.
- 53.
amaBhungane, “‘R4.8bn’ For a Prestige Eswatini Project - for a Summit Unlikely to Happen.” Daily Maverick, February 5, 2019, www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-02-05-r4-8bn-for-a-prestige-eswatini-project-for-a-summit-unlikely-to-happen/.
- 54.
Carien Du Plessis, “TAIWAN ALTERCATION: China Turns the Screws on Eswatini.” Daily Maverick, February 2, 2020, www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-03-china-turns-the-screws-on-eswatini/.
- 55.
Duncan McLeod, “Eswatini Signs up to Trump’s Anti-China ‘Clean Network’.” TechCentral, January 19, 2021, techcentral.co.za/eswatini-signs-up-to-trumps-anti-china-clean-network/104328/.
- 56.
Isabella Steger, “One African Country Is Absent from This Week’s Big Shindig in Beijing.” Quartz, September 4, 2018, qz.com/1377751/swaziland-a-taiwan-ally-did-not-attend-the-forum-on-china-africa-cooperation-in-beijing-this-week/.
- 57.
Alfa Shaban and Abdur Rahman, “Handful African Presidents Not Attending 2018 FOCAC Summit in China.” Africanews, September 3, 2018, www.africanews.com/2018/09/03/handful-african-presidents-not-attending-2018-focac-summit-in-china/.
- 58.
“Eswatini King Recovers from COVID-19 with Taiwan’s Help.” Nikkei Asia, February 20, 2021, asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Eswatini-King-recovers-from-COVID-19-with-Taiwan-s-help.
- 59.
Sylvia Teng, “Prime Minister of Taiwan Ally Eswatini Dies: Taiwan News: 2020/12/14.” Taiwan News, December 14, 2020, www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4077227.
- 60.
Ross Anthony and Yejoo Kim, “Navigating the One China Policy: South Africa, Taiwan and China,” Routledge Handbook of Africa–Asia Relations (2017): 212; Shirley A. Kan and Wayne M. Morrison, “U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues,” Congressional Research Paper (2014).
- 61.
“Somaliland and Taiwan: Two Territories with Few Friends but Each Other.” BBC News, April 13, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56719409.
Bibliography
Burcu, Oana, and Eloïse Bertrand. “Explaining China’s Latest Catch in Africa.” – The Diplomat. January 24, 2019. Accessed March 14, 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/explaining-China-latest-catch-in-africa/.
Alon, Ilan, Julian Chang, Marc Fetscherin, Christoph Latteman, and John R. McIntyre, eds. China Rules: Globalization and Political Transformation. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Ambrosio, Thomas. “Constructing a Framework of Authoritarian Diffusion: Concepts, Dynamics, and Future Research.” International Studies Perspectives 11, no. 4 (2010): 375-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00411.x.
BHUNGANE, AMA. “‘R4.8bn’ for a Prestige ESwatini Project - for a Summit Unlikely to Happen.” Daily Maverick. February 05, 2019. Accessed March 10, 2021. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-02-05-r4-8bn-for-a-prestige-eswatini-project-for-a-summit-unlikely-to-happen/.
Blanchard, Ben, and J.R. Wu. “With Gambia Move, China Ends Diplomatic Truce with Taiwan.” Reuters. March 17, 2016. Accessed March 10, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-gambia-idUSKCN0WJ1DT.
Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. “Burkina Faso: Between Taiwan’s Active Public Diplomacy and China Business Attractiveness.” South African Journal of International Affairs 23, no. 4 (2016): 495-519. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2016.1271746.
“Chinese Movies Gain Growing Popularity among Malawian Communities.” Chinese Movies Gain Growing Popularity among Malawian Communities - China.org.cn. Accessed March 30, 2021. http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2021-03/23/content_77337462.htm.
Cline, Ray S. “Toward a Two China Policy.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 3, no. 5 (1976): 281-86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.1976.10554196.
Cooley, Alexander. Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.
Diamond, Larry. “The Democratic Rollback: The Resurgence of the Predatory State.” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 2 (March & April 2008): 36-48.
“Eswatini King Recovers from COVID-19 with Taiwan’s Help.” Nikkei Asia. February 20, 2021. Accessed March 9, 2021. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Eswatini-King-recovers-from-COVID-19-with-Taiwan-s-help.
“ESwatini Stands by Taiwan despite Chinese Overtures.” BBC News. August 22, 2018. Accessed March 18, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45271974.
“Eswatini Ties Strong in Spite of PRC.” Taipei Times. February 03, 2020. Accessed April 8, 2021. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/02/04/2003730331.
“Foreign Direct Investment, Net Outflows (% of GDP) - China.” Data. Accessed March 29, 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=CN.
Foreign Minister Eisenhower Mkaka of Malawi on One China Principle: Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity Is the Basic Norm of International Relations. September 18, 2020. Accessed March 19, 2021. http://is.china-embassy.org/eng/zgwj/t1816877.htm.
Friedman, Edward. “China’s Changing Taiwan Policy.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 14, no. 2 (October 2007): 119-34.
“Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the World Economic Forum.” Full Text: Xi Jinping’s Keynote Speech at the World Economic Forum _china.org.cn. April 6, 2017. Accessed April 29, 2021. http://www.china.org.cn/node_7247529/content_40569136.htm.
Gao, Charlotte. “Is ESwatini on the Brink of Cutting Ties With Taiwan?” – The Diplomat. September 04, 2018. Accessed November 29, 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/is-eswatini-on-the-brink-of-cutting-ties-with-taiwan/.
Gat, Azar. “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers, Foreign Affairs, 86, Pp. 59-69.” Foreign Policy 86, no. 4 (July & Aug. 2007): 59-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315255156-35.
Jacques, Martin. When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order. New York: Penguin Books, 2012.
Kan, Shirley A., and Wayne M. Morrison. “U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues.” December 11, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2021. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R41952.pdf.
Kastner, Scott L. “Buying Influence? Assessing the Political Effects of China’s International Trade.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, no. 6 (2016): 980-1007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714560345.
Kurlantzick, Joshua. Charm Offensive: How China Soft Power Is Transforming the World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
Lampton, David M. The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money, and Minds. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008.
Lasswell, Harold D. World Politics Faces Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1945.
Madowo, Larry. “ESwatini – Taiwan’s Last Friend in Africa.” BBC News. January 14, 2019. Accessed April 10, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46831852#:~:text=Though. He ruled out a switch to China.
Mamba, Nokwanda. “People’s Republic of China (PRC) Press Statement on Eswatini VISAs Issue.” News. February 1, 2020. Accessed March 11, 2021. http://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=168.
McLeod, Duncan. “Eswatini Signs up to Trump’s Anti-China ‘Clean Network’.” TechCentral. January 19, 2021. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://techcentral.co.za/eswatini-signs-up-to-trumps-anti-china-clean-network-2/172873/.
Mearsheimer, John J. “China Unpeaceful Rise.” Current History 105, no. 690 (2006): 160-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.690.160.
Mohammad, Guive Khan. “The Chinese Presence in Burkina Faso: A Sino-African Cooperation from Below.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43, no. 1 (2014): 71-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300104.
Muekalia, Domingos Jardo. “Africa And China Strategic Partnership.” African Security Review 13, no. 1 (2004): 5-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627264.
Mweninguwe, Raphael. “Malawi-China Diplomatic Ties: 10 Years On.” – The Diplomat. September 15, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/malawi-china-diplomatic-ties-10-years-on/.
Mweninguwe, Raphael. “China Provides Aid to Malawi’s Embattled Health System as It Struggles to Contain COVID-19 Outbreak.” The China Africa Project. June 19, 2020. Accessed February 21, 2021. https://chinaafricaproject.com/analysis/china-provides-aid-to-malawis-embattled-health-system-as-it-struggles-to-contain-covid-19-outbreak/.
Ndzendze, Bhaso, “Malawi and the One China Policy: 1964–2008.” E. May 07, 2019a. Accessed February 9, 2021. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/22/malawi-and-the-one-china-policy-1964-2008/.
Ndzendze, Bhaso, and About The Author(s) Bhaso Ndzendze Is Research Director at the University of Johannesburg Centre for Africa-China Studies. “Malawi and the One China Policy: 1964–2008.” E. May 07, 2019b. Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/22/malawi-and-the-one-china-policy-1964-2008/.
Ndzendze, Bhaso, and About The Author(s) Bhaso Ndzendze Is Research Director at the University of Johannesburg Centre for Africa-China Studies. “African Democratisation and the One China Policy.” E. January 24, 2020. Accessed November 29, 2021. https://www.e-ir.info/2020/01/24/african-democratisation-and-the-one-china-policy/.
Nkhoma, Bryson. “Taiwan or China? Contestations over Diplomatic Relations in Southern Africa, with Particular Focus on Malawi, 1961–2014.” South African Historical Journal 72, no. 4 (2020): 677-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2020.1857604.
Nyabiage, Jevans. “WHO Coronavirus Meeting Highlights Taipei’s Last African Ally ESwatini.” South China Morning Post. May 21, 2020. Accessed April 4, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3085449/who-coronavirus-meeting-highlights-taipeis-last-african-ally.
Plessis, Carien Du. “TAIWAN ALTERCATION: China Turns the Screws on Eswatini.” Daily Maverick. February 02, 2020. Accessed April 1, 2021. http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-03-china-turns-the-screws-on-eswatini/.
“Restoration of the Lawful Rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations:.” United Nations. 1971. Accessed February 9, 2021. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/654350?ln=en.
Ross, Anthony and Yejoo Kim, “Navigating the One China Policy: South Africa, Taiwan and China,” Routledge Handbook of Africa–Asia Relations (2017): 212
Shaban, Abdur R.A. “Handful African Presidents Not Attending 2018 FOCAC Summit in China.” Africanews. September 03, 2018. Accessed February 19, 2021. http://www.africanews.com/2018/09/03/handful-african-presidents-not-attending-2018-focac-summit-in-china/.
Shinn, David Hamilton, and Joshua Eisenman. China and Africa: A Century of Engagement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
Solutions, EIU Digital. “The Economist Intelligence Unit.” China Threatens ESwatini over Taiwan Ties. February 14, 2020. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=469064430 & Country=eSwatini & topic=Politics & subtopic=Forecast & subsubtopic=Internationalrelations.
“Somaliland and Taiwan: Two Territories with Few Friends but Each Other.” BBC News. April 12, 2021. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56719409.
Steger, Isabella. “One African Country Is Absent from This Week’s Big Shindig in Beijing.” Quartz. September 4, 2018. Accessed March 4, 2021. https://qz.com/1377751/swaziland-a-taiwan-ally-did-not-attend-the-forum-on-china-africa-cooperation-in-beijing-this-week/.
Sun Xuefeng, Matti Nojonen. “Conditionality in China’s Aid Model.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Accessed April 29, 2021. https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/01/10/conditionality-in-china-s-aid-model-event-4024.
Taylor, Ian. “Taiwan’s Foreign Policy and Africa: The Limitations of Dollar Diplomacy.” Journal of Contemporary China 11, no. 30 (2002): 125-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560120091174.
Teng, Sylvia. “Prime Minister of Taiwan Ally ESwatini Dies: Taiwan News: 2020-12-14 10:37:00.” Taiwan News. December 14, 2020. Accessed February 22, 2021. http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4077227.
San-Shiun Tseng, “The Republic of China’s foreign policy towards Africa: The case of ROC-RSA relations” (PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand, 2008), 126-127.
Tubilewicz, Czeslaw. “Taiwan’s Balkan Option: A New Chapter in Republic of China ‘dollar Diplomacy’.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 12, no. 1 (2001): 161-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290108406194.
White, Hugh. The China Choice: Why We Should Share Power. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2013.
“White Paper--The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue.” White Paper--The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue. February 21, 2000. Accessed April 29, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm.
“Yearender: Malawi-China Ties Grow Ever Stronger.” Xinhua. December 28, 2019. Accessed March 10, 2021. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/28/c_138663826.htm.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carrai, M.A. (2022). Promoting the One-China Policy: The PRC’s Economic Statecraft in Africa. In: Abidde, S.O. (eds) China and Taiwan in Africa. Africa-East Asia International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95342-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95342-3_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-95341-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-95342-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)