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Prevention and Infection Control

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Principles in Nursing Practice in the Era of COVID-19

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Abstract

Infection prevention and control practices are essential to the provision of safe and high-quality healthcare in areas where this care is provided. Just as transmission-based precautions must be applied in cases of tuberculosis or measles, similar practices must be implemented to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Standard precautions, such as hand hygiene, have immense research to support their implementation across all settings in which healthcare is provided. This chapter will cover standard precautions as they apply to the prevention of COVID-19, as well as transmission-based precautions that have been found to be essential in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in healthcare settings.

Many studies, early in the pandemic, made it clear that limiting close contact between those infected with the virus, and those not, is essential to reducing transmission (WHO, 2020, Considerations in the investigation of cases and clusters of COVID-19; WHO, 2020, Global surveillance for COVID-19 caused by human infection with COVID-19 virus: interim guidance). From that early data, public health entities began recommending symptom screening, testing, and subsequent isolation as methods of isolating cases of infection (WHO, 2021, Considerations for quarantine of contacts of COVID-19 cases). The incubation period of SARS-CoV-2, which is defined as the time between exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms, is five to six days on average, but it can be as long as 14 days (Yu P, et al. Ann Intern Med 221:1757–1761, 2020; Lauer SA, et al. Ann Intern Med 172:577–582, 2020). Given that infected people without symptoms can transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is essential to implement source control measures, such as face masks in public, physical or social distancing, hand hygiene, and adequate ventilation indoors. Along with these general measures, health care facilities must supply proper personal protective equipment to their employees, such as face mask respirators, gowns, and gloves, as the virus is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets, but can also become aerosolized during certain medical procedures (World Health Organization, 2021, Infection prevention and control during health care when coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is suspected or confirmed). Finally, there are now vaccinations specific to SARS-CoV-2 which may prevent severe COVID-19, thus reducing mortality and relieving strain on local health care entities, as fewer cases require hospitalization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA

    Emily A. Ingebretson

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  1. Emily A. Ingebretson
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Correspondence to Emily A. Ingebretson .

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  1. Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA

    Amanda Bergeron

  2. Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA

    Russell Perkins

  3. Center for Transplantation, UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA

    Emily Ingebretson

  4. Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary, Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA

    Linda Holifield

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Ingebretson, E.A. (2022). Prevention and Infection Control. In: Bergeron, A., Perkins, R., Ingebretson, E., Holifield, L. (eds) Principles in Nursing Practice in the Era of COVID-19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94740-8_2

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