Abstract
The subsystems of a particle accelerator must be turned on in a proper sequence to perform successful beam acceleration. Furthermore, the charged particles must interact with the RF fields (or the laser fields in case of laser-plasma acceleration is used) at the correct time for the desired accelerating phase. The timing and synchronization systems guarantee the required timing relations between the RF fields and the beam. The timing system defines the timing events and produces triggers if required for different subsystems to start or stop their operation. The synchronization system provides a common frequency and phase reference to all subsystems. We will introduce the basic concepts and architecture of the timing and synchronization systems in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bellaveglia M (2016) Timing and synchronization. In: Proceedings of the CERN accelerator school on FELs and ERLs, Hamburg, Germany, 31 May-10 June 2016
Best RE (2007) Phase-locked loops: design, simulations, and applications, 6th edn. McGraw-Hill Education, New York
Byrd J M, Doolittle L, Huang G et al (2010) Femtosecond synchronization of laser systems for the LCLS. In: Proceedings of the 1st international particle accelerator conference, Kyoto, Japan, 23-28 May 2010
Chernousko Y, Gonias A, Heron M T et al (2006) The timing system for diamond light source. In: Proceedings of the 10th European particle accelerator conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, 26-30 June 2006
Czuba K, Sikora D (2011) Temperature stability of coaxial cables. Acta Physica Polonica A 119(4):333–337. https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.119.553
Czuba K, Sikora D, Zembala L et al (2013) Overview of the RF synchronization system for the European XFEL. In: Proceedings of the 4th international particle accelerator conference, Shanghai, China, 12-17 May 2013
Czuba K, Berlinski J, Czuba L et al (2018) Concept of the phase reference line for the European Spallation Source. In: Proceedings of the 22ed international microwave and radar conference, Poznan, Poland, 14-17 May 2018
Damerau H (2017) Timing, synchronization & longitudinal aspects. In: Proceedings of the CERN accelerator school on beam injection, extraction and transfer, Erice, Italy, 10–19 March 2017
Doolittle L, Huang G, Ratti A et al (2015) The LCLS-II LLRF system. In: Proceedings of the 6th international particle accelerator conference, Richmond, VA, USA, 3-8 May 2015
Dusatko J, Allison S, Browne M et al (2010) The LCLS timing event system. In: Proceedings of the 14th beam instrumentation workshop , Santa Fe, NM, USA, 2–6 May 2010
Frisch J, Brown D, Cisneros E (2000) Performance of the prototype NLC RF phase and timing distribution system. In: Proceedings of the 9th beam instrumentation workshop, Cambridge, MA, USA, 8-11 May 2000
Gallo A (2018) Timing and synchronization. In: Proceedings of the CERN accelerator school beam instrumentation, Tuusula, Finland, 2-15 June 2018
Gasowski B, Owczarek T, Czuba K et al (2018) Real-time redundancy for the 1.3 GHz master oscillator of the European XFEL. https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09281. Accessed 03 June 2021
Geng Z (2020) Robustness issues of timing and synchronization for free electron lasers. Nuclear Inst Methods Phys Res A 963:163738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163738
https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/ch/produkt/sma100b-produkt-startseite_63493-427776.html
Hunziker S, Arsov V, Buechi F et al (2014) Reference distribution and synchronization system for SwissFEL: concept and first results. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international beam instrumentation conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 14-18 September 2014
Jobe RK, Schwarz HD (1989) RF phase distribution systems at the SLC. In: Proceedings of the 13th particle accelerator conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 20-23 March 1989
Jung K, Kim J (2012) Sub-femtosecond synchronization of microwave oscillators with mode-locked Er-fiber lasers. Opt Lett 37(14):2958–2960. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.002958
Kalantari B, Biffiger R (2017) SwissFEL timing system: first operational experience. In: Proceedings of the 16th int conf on accelerator and large experimental control systems, Barcelona, Spain, 8-13 October 2017
Korhonen T (1999) Review of accelerator timing systems. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on accelerator and large experimental physics control systems, Trieste, Italy, 4-8 October 1999
Lamb T, Felber M, Kozak T et al (2019) Femtosecond laser to RF synchronization and RF reference distribution at the European XFEL. In: Proceedings of the 39th international free-electron laser conference, Hamburg, Germany, 26-30 August 2019
Lin Z, Du Y, Yang J et al (2018a) Development of sub-100 femtosecond timing and synchronization system. Rev Sci Instrum 89:014701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5001768
Lin Z, Yang J, Du Y et al (2018b) A novel double sideband-based phase averaging line for phase reference distribution system. In: Proceedings of the 9th international particle accelerator conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 29 April-4 May 2018
Liu F, Lei G, Duan Z et al (2021) The design of HEPS global timing system. Radiat Detect Technol Methods 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-021-00257-6
Loehl F (2011) Timing and synchronization. In: Proceedings of the CERN accelerator school on advanced accelerator physics, Chios, Greece, 18-30 September 2011
Lorbeer B, Ludwig F, Schlarb H et al (2007) Noise and drift characterization of direct laser to RF conversion scheme for the laser based synchronization system for FLASH at DESY. In: Proceedings of the 22ed particle accelerator conference, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 25-29 June 2007
Mehrotra A (2002) Noise analysis of phase-locked loops. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Fundam Theory Appl 49(9):1309–1316. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2002.802347
Peng MY, Kalaydzhyan A, Kaertner FX (2014) Balanced optical-microwave phase detector for sub-femtosecond optical-RF synchronization. Opt Express 22(22):27103. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.027102
Rose C R, Lara P D, Merl R et al (2001) A timing-reference generator for power-grid-synchronized neutron-spallation facilities. In: Proceedings of the 2001 particle accelerator conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 18-22 June 2001
Rybarcyk LJ, Shelley FE (1997) Improvement to the LANSCE accelerator timing system. In: Proceedings of the 1997 particle accelerator conference, Vancouver, Canada, 12-16 May 1997
Schlarb H (2013) Timing and synchronization. In: Proceedings of the CERN accelerator school on advanced accelerator physics, Trondheim, Norway, 18-29 August 2013
Schulz S, Schmueser P, Zemella J et al (2008) An optical cross-correlation scheme to synchronize distributed laser systems at FLASH. In: Proceedings of 11th European particle accelerator conference, Genoa, Italy, 23-27 June 2008
Serrano J, Alvarez P, Lipinski M et al (2011) Accelerator timing systems overview. In: Proceedings of the 2011 particle accelerator conference, New York, USA, 28 March-1 April 2011
Sikora D, Czuba K, Jatczak P et al (2020) Phase drift compensating RF link for femtosecond synchronization of E-XFEL. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 67(9):2136–2142. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2020.2966018
Titberidze M (2017) Pilot study of synchronization on a femtosecond scale between the electron gun REGAE and a laser-plasma accelerator. Ph.D. thesis, Hamburg University
Urbanski M, Jatczak P, Sikora D et al (2018) Frequency divider module for the European XFEL phase reference signal distribution system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd international microwave and radar conference, Poznan, Poland, 14-17 May 2018
Vargas EC, Kaertner FX, Berlin A et al (2019) Timing stability comparison study of RF synthesis techniques. In: Proceedings of the 39th international free-electron laser conference, Hamburg, Germany, 26-30 August 2019
Weaver JN, Hogg HA (1983) Improving the phase stability of the SLAC RF driveline network for SLC operation. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 30(4):2234–2236. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1983.4332772
Yang H, Jeon C-G, Jung K et al (2015) Femtosecond synchronization of 80-MHz Ti:Sapphire photocathode laser oscillator with S-band RF oscillator. In: Proceedings of the 37th international free electron laser conference, Daejeon, Korea, 23-28 August 2015
Yang J, Du Y-C, Yan L-X et al (2017) Laser-RF synchronization based on digital phase detector. Nucl Sci Tech 28:57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0205-z
Zembala L, Czuba K, Gasowski B et al (2014) Master oscillator for the European XFEL. In: Proceedings of the 5th international particle accelerator conference, Dresden, Germany, 15-20 June 2014
Zhang W-Y, Liu X-Q, Feng L et al (2018) 2.856 GHz microwave signal extraction from mode-locked Er-fiber lasers with sub-100 femtosecond timing jitter. Nucl Sci Tech 29:91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0419-8
Zhao LY, Yin CX, Liu DK (2008) The SSRF timing system. In: Proceedings of the 11th European particle accelerator conference, Genoa, Italy, 27-27 June 2008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simrock, S., Geng, Z. (2022). Timing and Synchronization. In: Low-Level Radio Frequency Systems. Particle Acceleration and Detection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94419-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94419-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94418-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94419-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)