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Introduction

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Trends and Challenges in International Law

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Abstract

This Introduction explains the facts at the genesis of this volume, the wider context within which contributions are set and some of the fundamental questions raised by them.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    On this phenomenon suffice it to mention the work by the International Law Commission (ILC) on the topic of “Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law”, the results of which have been published in the website of the ILC https://legal.un.org/ilc/summaries/1_9.shtml.

  2. 2.

    For example, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, U.N. Doc. A/RES/70/1 of 25 December 2015) “is grounded in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [and] international human rights treaties” (para. 10) and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) “seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls” (Preamble).

  3. 3.

    U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) of 10 December 1948.

  4. 4.

    Suffice it to recall that SDG 13 is devoted to “Climate Action” and that States constantly refer to climate change and its effect upon the planet and its inhabitants in their high-level statements, for example in front of the UN General Assembly.

  5. 5.

    Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 5–12 June 1972), U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1, p. 3.

  6. 6.

    United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), entered into force on 16 November 1994, in 1833 UNTS 397.

  7. 7.

    As recalled by Bardonnet and Virally (1983) in the very title of the book edited by them.

  8. 8.

    Leading to the adoption, in 1988, of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (10 March 1988), entered into force on 1 March 1992, in 1678 UNTS 201. The Convention was subsequently amended in 2005.

  9. 9.

    Sohn (1988).

  10. 10.

    Glowka (1996).

  11. 11.

    Leading to the adoption of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (New York, 4 August 1995), entered into force on 11 December 2001, 2167 UNTS 3.

  12. 12.

    International legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, U.N. Doc. A/RES/72/249 of 19 January 2018.

  13. 13.

    Scovazzi (1977, 1979, 1984).

  14. 14.

    Suffice it to recall his 1999 Hague course, reprinted in Scovazzi (2001b, 2005b, 2014d, 2015, 2016a); and the atlases edited with Giampiero Francalanci: Francalanci et al. (1986); Scovazzi et al. (1989); Francalanci and Scovazzi (1994).

  15. 15.

    Among many others Scovazzi (2005a); Citroni and Scovazzi (2006); Scovazzi (2006b); Scovazzi (2009); Scovazzi et al. (2009); Citroni and Scovazzi (2013); Scovazzi (2014a); Scovazzi (2014b); Westra et al. (2015); Scovazzi (2016b); Antonucci et al. (2016); Scovazzi (2017).

  16. 16.

    New York, 20 December 2006, entered into force on 23 December 2010, 2716 UNTS 3. On the Convention see Scovazzi and Citroni (2007).

  17. 17.

    Among many others Francioni and Scovazzi (eds) (1991); Maffei et al. (1996); Scovazzi and Arcari (1999); Scovazzi (1999b); Scovazzi (2001a); Scovazzi (ed) (2001c); Juste Ruiz and Scovazzi (eds) (2005); Scovazzi (2014d).

  18. 18.

    Among many others Camarda and Scovazzi (2002); Garabello and Scovazzi (2003); Scovazzi (2004); Nafziger and Scovazzi (eds) (2008); Scovazzi (2011); Scovazzi (2012); Scovazzi et al. (2012); Scovazzi (2014c); Scovazzi (2019).

  19. 19.

    Paris, 2 November 2001, entered into force on 2 January 2009, 2562 UNTS I-45694.

  20. 20.

    Cassese (1990), p. 146. More extensively on the Italian school of international law, see Bartolini (2020).

  21. 21.

    “It is a descriptive method, and not a reconstructive one, based on the research, analysis and presentation of data from international practice, from which it is possible to deduce the belief of those who act on the behalf of States concerning the existence of a certain norm and its content. It is a matter of catching trends, sometimes solid, other times very instable. […] The conclusions which I have reached are the result of a work of discovery, description and synthesis of data from international practice and a constant effort to look for banality and avoid any ambition of originality” Scovazzi (2018), pp. v–vi (translation by the authors). See also Scovazzi (1999a).

  22. 22.

    Scovazzi (1999a), p. 618.

  23. 23.

    As sometimes reflected in the titles of his writings: Scovazzi (2002a, 2006a, 2007, 2008, 2021).

  24. 24.

    Scovazzi (2002b); his chapter on “A Contradictory and Counterproductive Regime” in Garabello and Scovazzi (2003), pp. 3–17; his chapter on “Bioprospecting on the deep seabed: a legal gap requiring to be filled” in Francioni and Scovazzi (2006), p. 81.

  25. 25.

    It is up to the reader to find out how much of this method has trickled down into his pupils’ and collaborators’ writings.

  26. 26.

    Roberts (2017).

  27. 27.

    As presented in Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, U.N. Doc. A/RES/70/1 of 25 December 2015.

  28. 28.

    ILC, Conclusions of the Work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties A rising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law (hereafter ILC Conclusions), https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/1_9_2006.pdf, para. 1. See also Higgins (1991), p. 23: “[i]nternational law is not rules. It is a normative system”.

  29. 29.

    “Il filo conduttore dell’esposizione è che la funzione tipica di qualsiasi sistema giuridico è di dimostrare nei fatti che non è vero che il più forte ha sempre ragione”, Scovazzi (2018), p. viii.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to close this brief introduction with some words of gratitude. Like all collective works, this volume could not have taken shape without the enthusiasm and dedication of many people. The editors are first indebted to Dr. Mariana Clara De Andrade for having assisted them in the setting up of this volume for publication. Special thanks are also due to the Department of Law, Legal and International Studies of the University of Parma, which financed the linguistic revision of all contributions by a native English speaker, Mr. Chris Callan. Above all, our gratitude goes to the authors of the individual chapters for their patient collaboration in the completion of this collective effort.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Maurizio Arcari & Irini Papanicolopulu

  2. Department of Law, Politics and International Studies, Center for Studies in European and International Affairs (CSEIA), University of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Laura Pineschi

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  1. Maurizio Arcari
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  2. Irini Papanicolopulu
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Correspondence to Irini Papanicolopulu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Maurizio Arcari

  2. School of Law, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Irini Papanicolopulu

  3. Department of Law, Politics and International Studies, Center for Studies in European and International Affairs (CSEIA), University of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Laura Pineschi

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Arcari, M., Papanicolopulu, I., Pineschi, L. (2022). Introduction. In: Arcari, M., Papanicolopulu, I., Pineschi, L. (eds) Trends and Challenges in International Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94387-5_1

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