Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Age on Exercise Metabolism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Exercise Metabolism

Part of the book series: Physiology in Health and Disease ((PIHD))

  • 1713 Accesses

Abstract

Exercise training is an important intervention to improve metabolic health in older adults. The phenotypic adaptations provoked by chronic training are initiated by the metabolic response to an acute bout of exercise; however, how aging affects this initial response is unclear. In this chapter, we discuss the effects of aging on the metabolic response to acute bouts of resistance and endurance exercise and how age-related diseased conditions may further impair this process. Additionally, we describe various lifestyle interventions that improve the metabolic response to exercise.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American College of Sports Medicine C-Z, Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS (2009) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:1510–1530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association (2018) 8. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 41:S73–S85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA (2016) Metformin as a tool to target aging. Cell Metab 23:1060–1065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD (2001) Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 3:1014–1019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boon H, Jonkers RAM, Koopman R, Blaak EE, Saris WHM, Wagenmakers AJM, van Loon LJC (2007) Substrate source use in older, trained males after decades of endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:2160–2170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brach JS, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky S, Yaffe K, Newman AB, Health, Aging and Body Composition Study Research Group (2004) The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:502–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braganza A, Corey CG, Santanasto AJ, Distefano G, Coen PM, Glynn NW, Nouraie S-M, Goodpaster BH, Newman AB, Shiva S (2019) Platelet bioenergetics correlate with muscle energetics and are altered in older adults. JCI insight 5:e128248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun B, Eze P, Stephens BR, Hagobian TA, Sharoff CG, Chipkin SR, Goldstein B (2008) Impact of metformin on peak aerobic capacity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:61–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breen L, Phillips SM (2011) Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: interventions to counteract the “anabolic resistance” of ageing. Nutr Metab (Lond) 8:68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centner C, Wiegel P, Gollhofer A, König D (2019) Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in older individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 49:95–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers TL, Burnett TR, Raue U, Lee GA, Finch WH, Graham BM, Trappe TA, Trappe S (2020) Skeletal muscle size, function, and adiposity with lifelong aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol 128:368–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chee C, Shannon CE, Burns A, Selby AL, Wilkinson D, Smith K, Greenhaff PL, Stephens FB (2016) Relative contribution of Intramyocellular lipid to whole-body fat oxidation is reduced with age but Subsarcolemmal lipid accumulation and insulin resistance are only associated with overweight individuals. Diabetes 65:840–850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chee C, Shannon CE, Burns A, Selby AL, Wilkinson D, Smith K, Greenhaff PL, Stephens FB (2021) Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole-body fat oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise. Aging Cell 20:e13303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chomentowski P, Coen PM, Radiková Z, Goodpaster BH, Toledo FGS (2011) Skeletal muscle mitochondria in insulin resistance: differences in intermyofibrillar versus subsarcolemmal subpopulations and relationship to metabolic flexibility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:494–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Franceschini L, Rossi A, Golia G, Zamboni M, Tosoni P, Zardini P (2001) Skeletal muscle mass independently predicts peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory response during exercise in noncachectic patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 37:2080–2085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coats AJS, Forman DE, Haykowsky M, Kitzman DW, McNeil A, Campbell TS, Arena R (2017) Physical function and exercise training in older patients with heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 14:550–559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggan AR, Spina RJ, King DS, Rogers MA, Brown M, Nemeth PM, Holloszy JO (1992) Histochemical and enzymatic comparison of the gastrocnemius muscle of young and elderly men and women. J Gerontol 47:B71–B76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggan AR, Abduljalil AM, Swanson SC, Earle MS, Farris JW, Mendenhall LA, Robitaille PM (1993) Muscle metabolism during exercise in young and older untrained and endurance-trained men. J Appl Physiol 75:2125–2133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conley KE, Jubrias SA, Esselman PC (2000) Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle. J Physiol 526:203–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon EL, Casperson SL, Durham WJ, Randolph KM, Urban RJ, Volpi E, Ahmad M, Kinsky MP, Sheffield-Moore M (2011) Muscle protein metabolism responds similarly to exogenous amino acids in healthy younger and older adults during NO-induced hyperemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1408–R1417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Distefano G, Standley RA, Zhang X, Carnero EA, Yi F, Cornnell HH, Coen PM (2018) Physical activity unveils the relationship between mitochondrial energetics, muscle quality, and physical function in older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9:279–294

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drexler H, Riede U, Münzel T, König H, Funke E, Just H (1992) Alterations of skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure. Circulation 85:1751–1759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer HC, Fujita S, Cadenas JG, Chinkes DL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2006) Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 576:613–624

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Chinkes DL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2008) Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294:E392–E400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2008) Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol 104:1452–1461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Glynn EL, Dreyer HC, Dhanani S, Timmerman KL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2009) Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol 587:1535–1546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, Roberts SB, Kehayias JJ, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ (1994) Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 330:1769–1775

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleg JL, Morrell CH, Bos AG, Brant LJ, Talbot LA, Wright JG, Lakatta EG (2005) Accelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. Circulation 112:674–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong JH (2019) Disability incidence and functional decline among older adults with major chronic diseases. BMC Geriatr 19:323

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz IB, McEwen B (1959) Effects of carnitine on fatty-acid oxidation by muscle. Science 129:334–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CS, Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Fujita S, Abe T, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2010) Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. J Appl Physiol 108:1199–1209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Timmerman KL, Walker DK, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2011) Aging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis. Skelet Muscle 1:11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2007) Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 103:903–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpaster BH, Sparks LM (2017) Metabolic flexibility in health and disease. Cell Metab 25:1027–1036

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greig CA, Gray C, Rankin D, Young A, Mann V, Noble B, Atherton PJ (2011) Blunting of adaptive responses to resistance exercise training in women over 75y. Exp Gerontol 46:884–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gries KJ, Raue U, Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Overstreet BS, D’Acquisto LJ, Graham B, Finch WH, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S (2018) Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health with lifelong exercise. J Appl Physiol 125:1636–1645

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gries KJ, Minchev K, Raue U, Grosicki GJ, Begue G, Finch WH, Graham B, Trappe TA, Trappe S (2019) Single-muscle fiber contractile properties in lifelong aerobic exercising women. J Appl Physiol 127:1710–1719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg JM, Seals DR, Yerg JE, Gavin J, Gingerich R, Premachandra B, Holloszy JO (1988) Metabolic responses to exercise in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 65:900–908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harber MP, Konopka AR, Undem MK, Hinkley JM, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S (2012) Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men. J Appl Physiol 113:1495–1504

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heath GW, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO (1981) A physiological comparison of young and older endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 51:634–640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AM (2014) Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports Med 44(Suppl 1):S35–S45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julius S, Amery A, Whitlock LS, Conway J (1967) Influence of age on the hemodynamic response to exercise. Circulation 36:222–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kacerovsky-Bielesz G, Chmelik M, Ling C, Pokan R, Szendroedi J, Farukuoye M, Kacerovsky M, Schmid AI, Gruber S, Wolzt M, Moser E, Pacini G, Smekal G, Groop L, Roden M (2009) Short-term exercise training does not stimulate skeletal muscle ATP synthesis in relatives of humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 58:1333–1341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyani RR, Egan JM (2013) Diabetes and altered glucose metabolism with aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 42:333–347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky L, Imboden M, Arena R, Myers J (2017) Reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing using cycle Ergometry: data from the fitness registry and the importance of exercise National Database (FRIEND) registry. Mayo Clin Proc 92:228–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karabulut M, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG (2010) The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 108:147–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR (2006) A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291:E381–E387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzman DW, Little WC, Brubaker PH, Anderson RT, Hundley WG, Marburger CT, Brosnihan B, Morgan TM, Stewart KP (2002) Pathophysiological characterization of isolated diastolic heart failure in comparison to systolic heart failure. JAMA 288:2144–2150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein S, Coyle EF, Wolfe RR (1994) Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained men. Am J Phys 267:E934–E940

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Shimano H, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H (2009) Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 301:2024–2035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kokkinos P, Myers J, Nylen E, Panagiotakos DB, Manolis A, Pittaras A, Blackman MR, Jacob-Issac R, Faselis C, Abella J, Singh S (2009) Exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in African American and Caucasian men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:623–628

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Myers J, Kokkinos JP, Doumas M, Pittaras A, Kheirbek R, Manolis A, Panagiotakos D, Papademetriou V, Fletcher R (2014) Statin therapy, fitness, and mortality risk in middle-aged hypertensive male veterans. Am J Hypertens 27:422–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konopka AR, Laurin JL, Schoenberg HM, Reid JJ, Castor WM, Wolff CA, Musci RV, Safairad OD, Linden MA, Biela LM, Bailey SM, Hamilton KL, Miller BF (2019) Metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exercise training in older adults. Aging Cell 18:e12880

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni AS, Peck BD, Walton RG, Kern PA, Mar JC, Windham ST, Bamman MM, Barzilai N, Peterson CA (2020) Metformin alters skeletal muscle transcriptome adaptations to resistance training in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 12:19852–19866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Selby A, Rankin D, Patel R, Atherton P, Hildebrandt W, Williams J, Smith K, Seynnes O, Hiscock N, Rennie MJ (2009) Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men. J Physiol 587:211–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Atherton PJ, Selby A, Rankin D, Williams J, Smith K, Hiscock N, Rennie MJ (2012) Muscle protein synthetic responses to exercise: effects of age, volume, and intensity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 67:1170–1177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza IR, Short DK, Short KR, Raghavakaimal S, Basu R, Joyner MJ, McConnell JP, Nair KS (2008) Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes 57:2933–2942

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Borniquel S, Sahlin K, Ekblom B, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E (2011) Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans. Cell Metab 13:149–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen S, Vigelsø A, Dandanell S, Prats C, Dela F, Helge JW (2018) Simvastatin-induced insulin resistance may be linked to decreased lipid uptake and lipid synthesis in human skeletal muscle: the LIFESTAT study. J Diabetes Res 2018:9257874

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loenneke JP, Wilson JM, Marín PJ, Zourdos MC, Bemben MG (2012) Low intensity blood flow restriction training: a meta-analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:1849–1859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez AD, Williams TN, Levin A, Tonelli M, Singh JA, Burney PGJ, Rehm J, Volkow ND, Koob G, Ferri CP (2014) Remembering the forgotten non-communicable diseases. BMC Med 12:200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malin SK, Braun B (2013) Effect of metformin on substrate utilization after exercise training in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38:427–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malin SK, Kirwan JP (2012) Fasting hyperglycaemia blunts the reversal of impaired glucose tolerance after exercise training in obese older adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 14:835–841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malin SK, Nightingale J, Choi S-E, Chipkin SR, Braun B (2013) Metformin modifies the exercise training effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in impaired glucose tolerant adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21:93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini DM, Walter G, Reichek N, Lenkinski R, McCully KK, Mullen JL, Wilson JR (1992) Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure. Circulation 85:1364–1373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith CN, Frontera WR, Fisher EC, Hughes VA, Herland JC, Edwards J, Evans WJ (1989) Peripheral effects of endurance training in young and old subjects. J Appl Physiol 66:2844–2849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller BF, Thyfault JP (2020) Exercise-pharmacology interactions: metformin, statins, and Healthspan. Physiology (Bethesda) 35:338–347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minotti JR, Christoph I, Oka R, Weiner MW, Wells L, Massie BM (1991) Impaired skeletal muscle function in patients with congestive heart failure. Relationship to systemic exercise performance. J Clin Invest 88:2077–2082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mittendorfer B, Klein S (2001) Effect of aging on glucose and lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11(Suppl):S86–S91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montoye HJ (1982) Age and oxygen utilization during submaximal treadmill exercise in males. J Gerontol 37:396–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM (2009) Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 89:161–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moro T, Ebert SM, Adams CM, Rasmussen BB (2016) Amino acid sensing in skeletal muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27:796–806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morville T, Dohlmann T, Kuhlman AB, Monberg T, Torp M, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Larsen S, Helge JW, Dela F (2019) Glucose homeostasis in statin users-the LIFESTAT study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 35:e3110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE (2002) Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 346:793–801

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes AM, Thompson PD (2017) The effects of statins on exercise and physical activity. J Clin Lipidol 11:1134–1144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira AN, Richards BJ, Slavin M, Hood DA (2021) Exercise is muscle mitochondrial Medicine. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 49:67–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortman JM, Velkoff VA, Hogan H (2014) An aging nation: the older population in the United States, current population reports, P25-1140. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Strotmeyer ES, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Schwartz AV, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB (2006) Decreased muscle strength and quality in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes 55:1813–1818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Lee JS, Kuller LH, Boudreau R, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Kritchevsky S, Tylavsky FA, Nevitt M, Cho Y, Newman AB, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (2009) Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1993–1997

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland A, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR (1997) Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Phys 273:E99–E107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock ML, Mengelkoch LJ, Graves JE, Lowenthal DT, Limacher MC, Foster C, Wilmore JH (1997) Twenty-year follow-up of aerobic power and body composition of older track athletes. J Appl Physiol 82:1508–1516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raue U, Slivka D, Minchev K, Trappe S (2009) Improvements in whole muscle and myocellular function are limited with high-intensity resistance training in octogenarian women. J Appl Physiol 106:1611–1617

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ritov VB, Menshikova EV, He J, Ferrell RE, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE (2005) Deficiency of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54:8–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritov VB, Menshikova EV, Azuma K, Wood R, Toledo FGS, Goodpaster BH, Ruderman NB, Kelley DE (2010) Deficiency of electron transport chain in human skeletal muscle mitochondria in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E49–E58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas DA, Lessard SJ, Rice NP, Lustgarten MS, So K, Goodyear LJ, Parnell LD, Fielding RA (2014) Diminished skeletal muscle microRNA expression with aging is associated with attenuated muscle plasticity and inhibition of IGF-1 signaling. FASEB J 28:4133–4147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Salami JA, Warraich H, Valero-Elizondo J, Spatz ES, Desai NR, Rana JS, Virani SS, Blankstein R, Khera A, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Lloyd-Jones D, Nasir K (2017) National Trends in statin use and expenditures in the US adult population from 2002 to 2013: insights from the medical expenditure panel survey. JAMA Cardiol 2:56–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santanasto AJ, Glynn NW, Lovato LC, Blair SN, Fielding RA, Gill TM, Guralnik JM, Hsu F-C, King AC, Strotmeyer ES, Manini TM, Marsh AP, McDermott MM, Goodpaster BH, Pahor M, Newman AB (2017) LIFE study group. Effect of physical activity versus health education on physical function, grip strength and mobility. J Am Geriatr Soc 65:1427–1433

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharoff CG, Hagobian TA, Malin SK, Chipkin SR, Yu H, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Braun B (2010) Combining short-term metformin treatment and one bout of exercise does not increase insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E815–E823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Short KR, Bigelow ML, Kahl J, Singh R, Coenen-Schimke J, Raghavakaimal S, Nair KS (2005) Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:5618–5623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sial S, Coggan AR, Hickner RC, Klein S (1998) Training-induced alterations in fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise in elderly subjects. Am J Phys 274:E785–E790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman HG, Mazzeo RS (1996) Hormonal responses to maximal and submaximal exercise in trained and untrained men of various ages. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 51:B30–B37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slivka D, Raue U, Hollon C, Minchev K, Trappe S (2008) Single muscle fiber adaptations to resistance training in old (>80 yr) men: evidence for limited skeletal muscle plasticity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R273–R280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon TPJ, Malin SK, Karstoft K, Haus JM, Kirwan JP (2013) The influence of hyperglycemia on the therapeutic effect of exercise on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 173:1834–1836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stec MJ, Thalacker-Mercer A, Mayhew DL, Kelly NA, Tuggle SC, Merritt EK, Brown CJ, Windham ST, Dell’Italia LJ, Bickel CS, Roberts BM, Vaughn KM, Isakova-Donahue I, Many GM, Bamman MM (2017) Randomized, four-arm, dose-response clinical trial to optimize resistance exercise training for older adults with age-related muscle atrophy. Exp Gerontol 99:98–109

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens FB, Wall BT, Marimuthu K, Shannon CE, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL (2013) Skeletal muscle carnitine loading increases energy expenditure, modulates fuel metabolism gene networks and prevents body fat accumulation in humans. J Physiol 591:4655–4666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Straight CR, Fedewa MV, Toth MJ, Miller MS (2020) Improvements in skeletal muscle fiber size with resistance training are age-dependent in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol 129:392–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Mamerow MM, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D (2011) The anabolic response to resistance exercise and a protein-rich meal is not diminished by age. J Nutr Health Aging 15:376–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Pyka G, Guido D, Marcus R (1996) Comparative effects of high- and low-intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. Clin Physiol 16:381–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang JE, Manolakos JJ, Kujbida GW, Lysecki PJ, Moore DR, Phillips SM (2007) Minimal whey protein with carbohydrate stimulates muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in trained young men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:1132–1138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tankersley CG, Smolander J, Kenney WL, Fortney SM (1991) Sweating and skin blood flow during exercise: effects of age and maximal oxygen uptake. J Appl Physiol 71:236–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terzis G, Georgiadis G, Stratakos G, Vogiatzis I, Kavouras S, Manta P, Mascher H, Blomstrand E (2008) Resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass correlates with p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in human subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 102:145–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman KL, Lee JL, Fujita S, Dhanani S, Dreyer HC, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E (2010) Pharmacological vasodilation improves insulin-stimulated muscle protein anabolism but not glucose utilization in older adults. Diabetes 59:2764–2771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe S, Williamson D, Godard M, Porter D, Rowden G, Costill D (2000) Effect of resistance training on single muscle fiber contractile function in older men. J Appl Physiol 89:143–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe S, Godard M, Gallagher P, Carroll C, Rowden G, Porter D (2001) Resistance training improves single muscle fiber contractile function in older women. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C398–C406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe S, Hayes E, Galpin A, Kaminsky L, Jemiolo B, Fink W, Trappe T, Jansson A, Gustafsson T, Tesch P (2013) New records in aerobic power among octogenarian lifelong endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 114:3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Seo Y, Stehling E, Forman DE (2018) Impaired exercise tolerance in heart failure: role of skeletal muscle morphology and function. Curr Heart Fail Rep 15:323–331

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DK, Dickinson JM, Timmerman KL, Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Fry CS, Gundermann DM, Rasmussen BB (2011) Exercise, amino acids, and aging in the control of human muscle protein synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:2249–2258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL (2011) Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. J Physiol 589:963–973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walton RG, Dungan CM, Long DE, Tuggle SC, Kosmac K, Peck BD, Bush HM, Villasante Tezanos AG, McGwin G, Windham ST, Ovalle F, Bamman MM, Kern PA, Peterson CA (2019) Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: the MASTERS trial. Aging Cell 18:e13039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Welle S, Thornton C, Statt M (1995) Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old human subjects after three months of resistance training. Am J Phys 268:E422–E427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe RR (2006) The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 84:475–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA, Hector AJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Josse AR, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM (2012) Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr 108:1780–1788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA

    J. Matthew Hinkley, Paul M. Coen & Bret H. Goodpaster

Authors
  1. J. Matthew Hinkley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul M. Coen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bret H. Goodpaster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bret H. Goodpaster .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Glenn McConell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hinkley, J.M., Coen, P.M., Goodpaster, B.H. (2022). Effects of Age on Exercise Metabolism. In: McConell, G. (eds) Exercise Metabolism. Physiology in Health and Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation