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Epidemiology of Hypospadias

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Abstract

In this chapter, we give a comprehensive review of the currently available literature on environmental factors involved in the etiology of hypospadias. We begin with a description about the prevalence of hypospadias, the clustering of hypospadias in families, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome, and the estrogen hypothesis. We focus the remainder of this chapter on the evidence for environmental factors that may be involved in the etiology of hypospadias and divided the chapter in several parts: exogenous exposure to estrogens, endogenous hormone levels, clinical factors, behavioral factors, occupational factors, and living environment. We summarized the results in a quick overview table. We used the review article that we published in 2012 as basis and updated it with new information and references. We focused on the etiology of isolated hypospadias in humans. Therefore, we did not systematically review animal studies.

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Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

DES:

Diethylstilbestrol

EDCs:

Endocrine disrupting chemicals

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

ICSI:

IntraCytoplasmic sperm injection

IUGR:

IntraUterine growth restriction

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

TDS:

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome

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  1. Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Loes F. M. van der Zanden, Iris A. L. M. van Rooij & Nel Roeleveld

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    Ahmed T. Hadidi

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van der Zanden, L.F.M., van Rooij, I.A.L.M., Roeleveld, N. (2022). Epidemiology of Hypospadias. In: Hadidi, A.T. (eds) Hypospadias Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_10

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-94247-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-94248-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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