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Reconstruction of Past Environment and Climate Using Wetland Sediment Records from the Sierra Nevada

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The Landscape of the Sierra Nevada

Abstract

Understanding the effects of climate change and human activities on fragile mountain ecosystems is necessary to successfully managing these environments under future climate scenarios (e.g., global warming, enhanced aridity). This can be done through the study of paleoecological records, which can provide long paleoenvironmental databases containing information on how ecosystems reacted to climate change and human disturbances before the historical record. These studies can be particularly interesting when focusing on especially warm and/or dry past climatic phases. Biotic (pollen, charcoal) and abiotic (physical, geochemistry) analyses from wetland sediment records from the Sierra Nevada, southern Spain record changes in vegetation, fire history and lake sedimentation since ~11,700 years (cal yr BP). This multiproxy paleoecological study indicates that maxima in temperature and humidity occurred in the area in the Early and Middle Holocene, with a peak in precipitation between ~10,500 and 7000 cal yr BP. This is deduced by maxima in water runoff, the highest abundance of tree species and algae and high total organic carbon values recorded in the alpine wetland’s sedimentary records of the Sierra Nevada during that time period. In the last 7000 cal yr BP, and especially after a transition period between ~7000 and 5000 cal yr BP, a progressive aridification process took place, indicated by the decrease in tree species and the increase in xerophytic herbs in this region and a reduction in water runoff evidenced by the decrease in detritic input in the wetland sedimentary records. An increasing trend in Saharan dust deposition in the Sierra Nevada wetlands is also recorded through inorganic geochemical proxies, probably due to a coetaneous loss of vegetation cover in North Africa. The process of progressive aridification during the Middle and Late Holocene was interrupted by millennial-scale climatic oscillations and several periods of relative humid/droughty conditions and warm/cold periods have been identified in different temperature and/or precipitation proxies. Enhanced human impact has been observed in the Sierra Nevada in the last ~3000 cal yr BP through the increase in fires, grazing, cultivation, atmospheric pollution as well as reforestation by Pinus and the massive cultivation of Olea at lower altitudes.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by projects CGL2013-47038-R and CGL2017-85415-R funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER; Séneca Project 20788/PI/18; Junta de Andalucía I+D+i Junta de Andalucía 2020 Retos P-20-00059, FEDER Project B-RNM-144-UGR18, UGR-FEDER B-RNM-144-UGR18 Proyectos I + D + i del Programa Operativo FEDER 2018 and the research group RNM-190 (Junta de Andalucía). M.J.R.R. acknowledges the postdoctoral funding provided by the European Commission/H2020 (ERC-2017-ADG, project number 788616). J.C. acknowledges the postdoctoral funding provided by the Academy of Finland (project number 316702). A.G.-A. acknowledges the Ramón y Cajal fellowship RYC-2015-18966 provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government. M.R.G. acknowledges funding by the Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación program in the University of Granada (IJCI-2017-33755) from Secretaría de Estado de I+D+i, Spain. RSA acknowledges several travel grants from Northern Arizona University to support this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Antonio García-Alix, Alejandro López-Avilés & Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz

  2. Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), CSIC-UGR, Armilla, Spain

    Antonio García-Alix, José Manuel Mesa-Fernández & Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo

  3. School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA

    R. Scott Anderson & Cole E. Webster

  4. Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    María J. Ramos-Román & Jon Camuera

  5. School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Jaime L. Toney

  6. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    José S. Carrión

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  1. Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno
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  2. Antonio García-Alix
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Correspondence to Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno .

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  1. Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Regino Zamora

  2. Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Marc Oliva

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Jiménez-Moreno, G. et al. (2022). Reconstruction of Past Environment and Climate Using Wetland Sediment Records from the Sierra Nevada. In: Zamora, R., Oliva, M. (eds) The Landscape of the Sierra Nevada. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94219-9_7

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