Abstract
The objective of this research is the design of an Employer Branding (EB) model as a tool that facilitates the attraction and retention of talent.
To this end, the model configuration elements are identified from literature, based on the 4 Ps described by McCarthy [45], thus developing a new model, the EB Mix. From this, we establish what the Product offered by the company as an employer is, the Price to be paid by the employee to obtain it, how it is made accessible or distributed (Place), and how this product is promoted among its target audience. It is, therefore, to define the elements that the EB unites, in order to propose a model for the implementation of the EB strategy in organizations. The theoretical model developed has been validated from the inter-rater adjustment. The questionnaire was administered to 30 experts from the field of organizational management who assessed the relevance (from a 5-point Likert scale) and the order of importance of each of the 4 Ps components. An Aiken V > 0.6 and a 90% confidence interval were used as criteria. The order of importance of each dimension was established using the range analysis method. The results show a high level of agreement of the experts in the nominal definition of all the components, the “Product” is considered the most important to establish an EB policy in an organization.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, J.S.: Inequity in social exchange. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2, 267–299 (1965)
Aiken, L.R.: Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and Validity of ratings. Educ. Psychol. Measur. 45, 131–142 (1985)
Ambler, T., Barrow, S.: The employer brand. J. Brand Manag. 4(3), 185–206 (1996)
Argo, J.J., White, K., Dahl, D.W.: Social comparison theory and deception in the interpersonal exchange of consumption information. J. Consum. Res. 33(1), 99–108 (2006)
Asif, S., Sargeant, A.: Modelling internal communications in the financial services sector. Eur. J. Mark. 34(3/4), 299–318 (2000)
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O., Weber, T.J.: Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 60, 421–449 (2009)
Backhaus, K., Tikoo, S.: Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career Dev. Int. 9(5), 501–517 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410550754
Bagozzi, R.P.: Marketing as exchange. J. Mark. 39, 32–39 (1975)
Barrow, S., Mosley, R.: Bringing the Best of Brand Management to People at Work. Wiley, NewYork (2005)
Bass, B.M.: Does the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? Am. Psychol. 52(2), 130 (1997)
Blau, P.: Exchange and Power. Wiley, New York (1964/1986)
Borden, N.H.: The concept of the marketing mix. J. Advert. Res. 4, 2–7 (1964)
Bower, G.H.: Imagery as a relational organizer in associative learning. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 9(5), 529–533 (1970)
Burmann, C., Zeplin, S.: Building brand commitment: a behavioural approach to internal brand management. J. Brand Manag. 12(4), 279–300, 374–393 (2005)
Carrière, J., Bourque, C.: The effects of organizational communication on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in a land ambulance service and the mediating role of communication satisfaction. Career Dev. Int. 14(1), 29–49 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910933565
Cavusgil, S.T.: International marketing strategy. In: Thorelli, H.B. (ed.) Pergamon Press (1984)
Charter, R.A.: A breakdown of reliability coefficients by test type and reliability method, and the clinical implications of low reliability. J. Gener. Psychol. 130(3), 290–304 (2003)
Cicchetti, D.V.: Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychol. Assesments 6, 284–290 (1994)
Cohen, A.: Organizational commitment and turnover: a meta-analysis. Acad. Manag. J. 36, 1140–1157 (1993)
Collings, D.G., Mellahi, K.: Strategic talent management: a review and research agenda. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 19(4), 304–313 (2009)
Cooper-Hakim, A., Viswesvaran, C.: The construct of work commitment: testing an integrative framework. Psychol. Bull. 131, 241–259 (2005)
Crable, R.E., Vibbert, S.L.: Public Relations as Communication Management. Bellwether Press (1986)
Cronbach, L.J.: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of test. Psychometrika 16, 297–334 (1951)
Dutton, J.E., Dukerich, J.M., Harquail, C.V.: Organizational images and member identification. Adm. Sci. Q. 39(2), 239–263 (1994)
Edwards, M.R.: An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory. Pers. Rev. 39(1), 5–23 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481011012809
Edwards, M.R., Edwards, T.: Employee Responses to changing aspects of the employer brand following a multinational acquisition: a longitudinal study. Hum. Resour. Manag. 52(1), 27–54 (2013)
Elangovan, A.R.: Causal ordering of stress, satisfaction and commitment, and intension to quit: a structural equations analysis. Leadersh. Org. Dev. J. 22(4), 159–165 (2001)
Emerson, R.: Exchange theory: a psychological basis for social exchange. Sociol. Theor. Progress 2, 38–57 (1972)
Emrich, C.G., Brower, H.H., Feldman, J.M., Garland, H.: Images in words: presidential rhetoric, charisma, and greatness. Adm. Sci. Q. 46(3), 527–557 (2001)
Fernández-Barcala, M., González-Díaz, M.: Brand equity in the European fruit and vegetable sector: a transaction cost approach. Int. J. Res. Mark. 23(1), 31–44 (2006)
Foster, C., Punjaisri, K., Cheng, R.: Exploring the relationship between corporate, internal and employer branding. J. Prod. Brand Manag. 19(6), 401–409 (2010)
García-Guiu, C., Molero, F., Moriano, J.A.: Authentic leadership and its influence on group cohesion and organizational identification: the role of organizational justice as a mediating variable/El liderazgo auténtico y su influencia sobre la cohesión grupal y la identificación organizacional: el papel de la justicia organizacional como variable mediadora. Revista de Psicología Social 30(1), 60–88 (2015)
Hastings, G., Stead, M., Webb, J.: Fear appeals in social marketing: strategic and ethical reasons for concern. Psychol. Mark. 21, 961–986 (2004)
Hess, R.L.J., Ganesan, S., Klein, N.M.: Interactional service failures in a pseudorelationship: the role of organizational attributions. J. Retail. 83(1), 79–95 (2007)
Homans, G.C.: The Nature of Social Science. Harcourt, New York (1961)
Kim, S.H., Laffranchini, G., Wagstaff, M.F., Jeung, W.: Psychological contract congruence, distributive justice, and commitment. J. Manag. Psychol. 32(1), 45–60 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2015-0182
King, C.: ‘One size doesn’t fit all’: tourism and hospitality employees’ response to internal brand management. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 22(4), 517–534 (2010)
King, C., Grace, D.: Internal branding: exploring the employee’s perspective. J. Brand Manag. 15(5), 358–372 (2008)
Kotler, P., Armstrong, G.: Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education, Madrid (2009)
Kotler, P., Keller, K.L.: Dirección de Marketing. Pearson Prentice Hall, Madrid (2009)
Larson, E., Fukami, C.: Relationships between worker behavior and commitment to the organization and union. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Management, pp. 222–226 (1984)
Levionnois, M.: Marketing interno y gestión de recursos humanos. Díaz de Santos, Madrid (1992)
Lievens, F., Highhouse, S.: The relation of instrumental and symbolic attributes to a company’s attractiveness as an employer. Pers. Psychol. 56, 75–102 (2003)
Littlejohn, E.W., Foss, K.A.: Theories in Human Communication. Waveland Press, Inc., Illinois (2010)
McCarthy, J.E.: Basic Marketing. A Managerial Approach. Richard D. Irwin, Homewood (1960)
Manríquez, M.R., Rendón, L.P., Sánchez-Fernández, M.D., Guerra, J.F.: Estrategias de compensación y su relación con el compromiso organizacional en los docentes de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en México. Revista Ibero Americana de Estratégia 16(2), 90–103 (2017)
Martin Molina, A.: El Marketing interno de los recursos humanos. Cómo vendernos. Capital Humano. Año XXI(221), 58–63 (2008)
Mathieu, J.E., Zajac, D.: A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychol. Bull. 108, 171–194 (1990)
Augusto, C., de Matos, C., Rossi, A.V.: Word-of-mouth communications in marketing: a meta-analytic review of the antecedents and moderators. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 36(4), 578–596 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0121-1
Merino Soto, C., Livia Segovia, J.: Intervalos de confianza asimétricos para el índice la validez de contenido: Un programa Visual Basic para la V de Aiken. Anales de Psicología 25(1), 169–171 (2009)
Merz, M., Herbst, U., Yavuz, O.: Measuring employer brand value. In: Proceedings of the EMAC Conference (2009)
Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J., Topolnytsky, L.: Commitment in a changing world of work. Can. Psychol. Assoc. 39(1–2), 89–93 (1998)
Meyer, J.P., Maltin, E.R.: Employee commitment and well-being: a critical review, theoretical framework, and research agenda. J. Vocat. Behav. 77, 323–337 (2010)
Mladinic, A., Isla, P.: Justicia organizacional: Entendiendo la equidad en las organizaciones. Psykhe 11(2) (2011)
Morgan, R.M., Hunt, S.D.: The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. J. Mark. 58(3), 20–38 (1994)
Moroko, L., Uncles, M.D.: Characteristics of successful employer brands. J. Brand Manag. 16(3), 160–175 (2008)
Navarro, J., De Quijano, S.D.: Dinámica no lineal en la motivación en el trabajo: propuesta de un modelo y resultados preliminares. Psicothema 15(4), 643–649 (2003)
Osorio, M.: El impacto de la remuneración en la Gestión de Recursos Humanos/The impact of compensation on Human Resources Management. Boletín de Estudios Económicos 71(217), 85 (2016)
Penfield, R.D., Giacobbi, P.R., Jr.: Applying a score confidence interval to Aiken’s item content-relevance index. Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci. 8(4), 213–225 (2004)
People Matters employer branding en España 2011: estado de situación. Estudio de People Matters (2011)
Piehler, R., King, B., Xiong, L.: The importance of employee brand understanding, brand identification, and brand commitment in realizing brand citizenship behaviour. Eur. J. Mark. 50(9/10), 1575–1601 (2016)
Quijano, S., Navarro, J., Yepes, M., Berger, R., Romeo, M.L.: auditoría del sistema humano (ASH) para el análisis del comportamiento humano en las organizaciones. Papeles del psicólogo: revista del Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos 29(1), 92–106 (2008)
Quintanilla, I.: Recursos humanos y Marketing interno. Pirámide, Madrid (1991)
Quintanilla, I.: Psicología social del trabajo. Ediciones Pirámide, Madrid (2014)
Riketta, M.: Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: a meta-analysis. J. Organ. Behav. 23, 257–266 (2002)
Ríos, M.F., Sánchez, J.C., Muñoz, R.R.: Procesos estratégicos y estructura organizacional: implicaciones para el rendimiento. Psicothema 13(1), 29–39 (2001)
Schivinski, B., Dabrowski, D.: The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands. J. Mark. Commun. 22(2), 189–214 (2016)
Serna, C.C.: Nuevas tendencias en la retención y mejora del talento profesional y directivo. EOI Escuela de Organización Industrial (2009)
Susaeta, L., Pin, J.R., Belizón, M.J.: Factores determinantes de la reputación del CEO: Un análisis sectorial entre las principales empresas españolas. IESE Business School (2008)
Sutherland, M.M., Torricelli, D.G., Karg, R.F.: Employer of choice branding for knowledge workers. S. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 33(4), 13–20 (2002)
Swystun, J. (ed.): The Brand Glossary. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (2007)
Tett, R.P., Meyer, J.P.: Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Pers. Psychol. 46, 259–293 (1993)
Thibaut, J.W., Kelley, H.H.: The Social Psychology of Groups. Wiley, New York (1959)
Van Riel, C.B.M., Balmer, J.M.T.: Corporate identity: the concept, its measurement, and management. Eur. J. Mark. 31(5/6), 340–355 (1997)
Wilson, E.B.: Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 22(158), 209–212 (1927)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rayón, M.L., Romeo, M., Yepes-Baldó, M., Boria-Reverter, S. (2022). Design of an Employer Branding Model. In: Gil-Lafuente, A.M., Boria, J., Torres, A., Merigó, J.M., Kacprzyk, J. (eds) Computational and Decision Methods in Economics and Business. REDCID 2019. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 388. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93787-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93787-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-93786-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-93787-4
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)