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Normal Sleep

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Essentials of Sleep Medicine

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

This chapter summarizes key aspects of normal sleep and sleep physiology. Based upon EEG patterns, sleep is divided into non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). NREM sleep is further divided into Stages N1, N2, and N3. Sleep has significant effects on the respiratory system, with decreases in ventilatory responses to both hypoxia and hypercapnia as well as unmasking of the hypocapnic apneic threshold. The patency of the upper airway is significantly altered during sleep due to reduced activity of upper-airway dilators with resultant increased upper-airway resistance, loss of load compensation, and increased pharyngeal compliance and collapsibility. The cardiovascular system during NREM sleep is characterized by a relative bradycardia and decrease in blood pressure; both of these parameters show more variability during REM sleep. The levels of circulating endocrine hormones are generally influenced either by circadian rhythms (cortisol as an example) or the sleep-wake cycle (growth hormone as an example). Gastrointestinal function during sleep is characterized by a circadian increase in acid secretion, increased acid contact time, decreased swallowing, and decreased motor function.

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  1. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Harper University Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    James A. Rowley & M. Safwan Badr

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  1. Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University School of Medicine, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA

    M. Safwan Badr

  2. Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jennifer L. Martin

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Rowley, J.A., Badr, M.S. (2022). Normal Sleep. In: Badr, M.S., Martin, J.L. (eds) Essentials of Sleep Medicine. Respiratory Medicine. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_1

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