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The Imprint of Quaternary Processes on the Austrian Landscape

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Landscapes and Landforms of Austria

Part of the book series: World Geomorphological Landscapes ((WGLC))

Abstract

Austria has a diverse landscape as a result of the interplay of processes linked to tectonics and climate change. The final shaping occurred during the Quaternary (the last 2.58 Ma). This period is characterized by strong climatic variations on the global scale between glacial and interglacial conditions, which had different effects on the heterogeneous landscape, and its archives depending on the magnitude and duration of the climatic signal. The tectonic influence during the Quaternary is evident in instances of uplift as indicated by the Pleistocene terrace staircases of the Alpine foreland. In contrast, parts of the Vienna basin are characterized by subsidence linked to strike-slip faults. The oldest deposits are loess–palaeosol sequences (LPSs) which document the onset of loess accumulation with the occurrence of the Gauss/Matuyama palaeomagnetic reversal at the beginning of the Quaternary. The Early Pleistocene record consists of LPSs and gravel deposits with no indication of a glacier advance. Four major glaciations, namely Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm (from oldest to youngest)—are known. These Ice Ages were characterized by a large complex of transection glaciers, i.e. an interconnected system of valley glaciers covering large sections of the Eastern Alps with glacier tongues terminating in the Alpine foreland. The three older glaciations are of Middle Pleistocene age, whereas the youngest happened during the Late Pleistocene. All four glaciations are recorded by Glacial Sequences genetically linking tongue basins with (subglacial) till, terminal moraine deposits and terraces consisting of proglacial outwash. Sediments of these glaciations differ in the degree of weathering and the characteristics of cover beds (e.g. LPSs). Based on geochronological data and the relation between type and magnitude of the global climate signal, the amount of reconstructed sediment production following correlation with major phases of global glaciation is used: Günz (MIS 16; 676–621 ka), Mindel (MIS 12; 478–424 ka), Riss (MIS 6; 191–130 ka) and (Late) Würm (MIS 2; 29–12 ka). Detailed knowledge of the Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle (130–12 ka) allows establishing models for climatically controlled sedimentary processes and for glacier expansion in the longitudinal valleys of the Eastern Alps. Overdeepened valleys and increased relief leading to different types of mass movements are also a legacy of glaciations. Evidence of Pleistocene permafrost (e.g. relict rock glaciers) as well as Holocene fluvial activity are further indications of the dynamic landscape development of the Austrian landscape during the Quaternary.

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    Jürgen M. Reitner

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Reitner, J.M. (2022). The Imprint of Quaternary Processes on the Austrian Landscape. In: Embleton-Hamann, C. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Austria. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92815-5_3

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