Abstract
The global affirmation of human rights will only be viable with the public awareness necessary for their full implementation and the capability to overcome new challenges. In this context, it is necessary to bring together all international instruments, whether of a universal or a regional and/or national nature, to safeguard the most elementary human rights and to improve and remedy minor deficiencies or gaps in these legal instruments. Such instruments will facilitate the selection of true principles and universal human rights in a single universal instrument that is binding within states to create global citizenship.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, after the close of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, entering into force on October 24 of that same year.
- 2.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide - Approved and proposed for signature and ratification or accession by General Assembly resolution 260A (III) of 9 December 1948. Entry into force:12 January 1951, in accordance with article XIII. This Convention says that the genocide is condemned “by the civilized world”.
- 3.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX) on 21 December 1965; entry into force 4 January 1969, in accordance with Article 19. This Convention says that “one of the purposes of the United Nations is to promote and encourage universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”.
- 4.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966; entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. This International Covenant says that “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world”.
- 5.
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966; entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27. This International Covenant says that “the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights.”
- 6.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 34/180 on 18 December 1979; entry into force 3 September 1981, in accordance with article 27(1). This Convention says that, “despite these various instruments, extensive discrimination against women continues to exist. Discrimination against women violates the principles of equality or rights and respect for human dignity, is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity. In situations of poverty, women have the least access to food, health, education, training, and opportunities for employment and other needs.”
- 7.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984; entry into force on 26 June 1987, in accordance with article 27 (1). This Convention says that, “the term “torture” means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing hum for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to lawful sanctions.”
- 8.
Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 on 20 November 1989; entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49. This Convention says that, “in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance. The family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community. The child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love, and understanding.”
- 9.
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, adopted at the Ninth American International Conference, Bogotá, 1948. This Declaration says that, “the American States recognized that the essential human rights do not derive from the fact that he is a citizen of a certain State, but from the fact that rights are based on the attributes of the human person.”
- 10.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4/11/1950, says that “[reaffirming] their profound belief in those fundamental freedoms which are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained on the one hand by an effective political democracy and on the other by common understanding and observance of the human rights upon which they depend”.
- 11.
American Convention on Human Rights, signed at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San José, Costa Rica, November 22, 1969. This Convention states that “recognizing that essential human rights do not derive from the fact that he or she is a national of a particular state, but rather from the fact that they are based on the attributes of the human person, which is why they justify international protection, which is conventional in nature, supporting or complementary to that offered by the domestic law of American states.
- 12.
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Banjul Charter, approved by the Ministerial Conference of the Organization of African Unity (QUA) in Banjul, The Gambia, in January 1981 and adopted by the XVIII Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (QUA) in Nairobi, Kenya on 27 July 1981. This Charter states that “on the one hand, the fundamental rights of the human being are based on the attributes of the human person, which justifies its international protection, and that, on the other hand, reality and respect for the rights of peoples must necessarily guarantee human rights”.
- 13.
“Attack directed against a civilian population” means any conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against a civilian population, pursuant to, or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such acts.
- 14.
“Extermination” comprises the intentional subjection to conditions of life, such as the deprivation of access to food or medicine, in order to cause the destruction of a part of the population;
- 15.
“Slavery” means the exercise of any or all powers attached to the right of ownership over a person and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.
- 16.
“Deportation or forcible transfer of population” means the coercive displacement of people by expulsion or other coercive act, from the area in which they are lawfully present, without any reason recognized in international law.
- 17.
“Torture” means the act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person in the custody or under the control of the accused; this term does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to lawful sanctions.
- 18.
“Forcible pregnancy” means the unlawful deprivation of liberty of a woman who has been forcibly impregnated for the purpose of altering the ethnic composition of a population or committing other serious violations of international law. This definition can in no way be interpreted as affecting domestic law provisions relating to pregnancy.
- 19.
“Persecution” means the intentional and severe deprivation of fundamental rights in violation of international law for reasons related to the identity of the group or collectivity concerned.
- 20.
“Sex” encompasses the male and female sexes, within the context of society, and should not be given any other meaning.
- 21.
“Enforced disappearance of persons” means the arrest, detention, or abduction of persons by or with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a State or a political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge such a state of deprivation of liberty or to provide any information on the status or location of such persons, for the purpose of denying them the protection of the law for an extended period of time.
- 22.
“Crime of apartheid’ means any inhumane act analogous to those referred to in paragraph 1, committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over one or others and with the intention of maintaining that regime.
- 23.
The United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco on June 26, 1945, at the end of the United Nations Conference on International Organization and came into force on October 24, 1945.
- 24.
The forum was created in 1971 under the name European Management Forum.
- 25.
With regard to paragraph V - Human Rights, Democracy and Good Governance, the Declaration states the following: “24. We will spare no effort to promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, as well as respect for all internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development. 25. We therefore resolve: To respect and fully enforce the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; to strive to achieve the full protection and promotion of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of all persons in all countries; to enhance in all countries the capacity to apply democratic principles and practices and respect for human rights, including the rights of minorities; to fight against all forms of violence against women and to implement the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; to adopt measures to ensure respect for and protection of the human rights of migrants, migrant workers and their families, to put an end to acts of racism and xenophobia, which are increasingly frequent in many societies, and to promote greater harmony and tolerance in all societies; to work collectively to achieve more inclusive political processes that allow for the effective participation of all citizens, in all countries; end to ensure freedom of the media to fulfil their indispensable function and the right of the public to have access to information”.
- 26.
With regard to paragraph VI - Protection of Vulnerable Groups, this Declaration states the following: “We will spare no effort to ensure that children and all civilian populations who suffer disproportionately from the consequences of natural disasters, acts of genocide, armed conflict, and other humanitarian emergencies receive all the assistance and protection they need to enable them to resume a normal life as soon as possible. We therefore decide to increase and strengthen the protection of civilians in complex emergencies, in accordance with international humanitarian law; enhance international cooperation, including sharing the burden on and coordinating humanitarian assistance to refugee-receiving countries; and assist all refugees and displaced persons to return home voluntarily in safety and dignity and to reintegrate smoothly into their societies; and to encourage the ratification and full implementation of the convention on the rights of the child and its optional protocols on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography”.
- 27.
The historical background to these MDGs is the discussions held within the European Union that culminated in a 1996 document, “Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Cooperation” (OECD), which set goals and targets for 2015, divided into three areas: economic well-being, social development, and environmental sustainability and regeneration, as well as the document “We the peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century”, launched in 2000 by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, whose main theme was the eradication of poverty.
- 28.
A good example is the African Charter of Human Rights and People’s Rights (Banjul Charter), adopted by the Ministerial Conference of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Banjul, The Gambia, in January 1981, and adopted by the XVIII Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Nairobi, Kenya, on 27 July 1981.
- 29.
Entry into force 9 March 1927, in accordance with article 12. The Convention was amended by the Protocol done at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York, on 7 December 1953; the amended Convention entered into force on 7 July 1955, the date on which the amendments, set forth in the annex to the Protocol of 7 December 1953, entered into force in accordance with article III of the Protocol.
- 30.
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.
- 31.
The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations.
- 32.
Adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly (resolution 217 A III) on 10 December 1948.
- 33.
Approved and proposed for signature and ratification or accession by General Assembly resolution 260 A (III) of 9 December 1948; entry into force 12 January 1951, in accordance with article XIII.
- 34.
Approved by General Assembly resolution 317 (IV) of 2 December 1949; entry into force 25 July 1951, in accordance with article 24.
- 35.
Adopted on 28 July 1951 by the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons convened under General Assembly resolution 429 (V) of 14 December 1950; entry into force 22 April 1954, in accordance with article 43.
- 36.
Adopted on 28 September 1954 by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 526 A (XVII) of 26 April 1954; entry into force 6 June 1960, in accordance with article 39.
- 37.
Adopted by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI) of 30 April 1956 and done at Geneva on 7 September 1956; entry into force 30 April 1957, in accordance with article 13.
- 38.
The Protocol was taken note of with approval by the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1186 (XLI) of 18 November 1966 and was taken note of by the General Assembly in resolution 2198 (XXI) of 16 December 1966. In the same resolution the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to transmit the text of the Protocol to the States mentioned in article V thereof, with a view to enabling them to accede to the Protocol; entry into force 4 October 1967, in accordance with article VIII.
- 39.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966; entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27.
- 40.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966; entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49.
- 41.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966; entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 9.
- 42.
Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 44/128 of 15 December 1989.
- 43.
Adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly resolution 2106 (XX) of 21 December 1965; entry into force 4 January 1969, in accordance with Article 19.
- 44.
Adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization at its 11th session, Paris, 14 December 1960.
- 45.
As adopted at the 29th plenary meeting, 10 December 1962.
- 46.
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963.
- 47.
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 36/55 of 25 November 1981.
- 48.
Proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization at its 20th session in Paris, France, on 28 November 1978.
- 49.
Adopted and proclaimed by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization at its 20th session on 27 November 1978.
- 50.
Adopted by General Assembly resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.
- 51.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989; entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49.
- 52.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by United Nations General Assembly resolution 54/263 of 25/05/2000.
- 53.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by United Nations General Assembly resolution 54/263 of 25/05/2000.
- 54.
Convention 33 of The Hague Conference on Private International Law (adopted at its 17th session on 29/05/1993).
- 55.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization at its 58th session, Geneva, 26 June 1973.
- 56.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its 87th session, Geneva, 17 June 1999.
- 57.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its 87th session, Geneva, 17 June 1999.
- 58.
Proclaimed by the United Nations Assembly on 20 November 1959.
- 59.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 41/85 of 3 December 1986.
- 60.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979; entry into force 3 September 1981, in accordance with article 27(1).
- 61.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 54/4 of 6 October 1999 and opened for signature on 10 December 1999.
- 62.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization at its 34th session, Geneva, 29 June 1951.
- 63.
Opened for signature and ratification by United Nations General Assembly resolution 640 (VII) of 20 December 1952; entry into force in the international order 7 July 1954, in accordance with Article VI.
- 64.
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993.
- 65.
Proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 3318 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974.
- 66.
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993.
- 67.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 45/158 of 18 December 1990; entry into force at the international level: 1 July 2003, in accordance with Article 87(1).
- 68.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its 32nd session, Geneva, 1 July 1949.
- 69.
Adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization at its 60th session, Geneva, 24 June 1975.
- 70.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by the United Nations General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15/11/2000. The European Union became party to this treaty on 06/09/2006.
- 71.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984; entry into force 26 June 1987, in accordance with article 27 (1).
- 72.
Adopted on 18 December 2002 at the 57th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations by resolution A/RES/57/199. Protocol is available for signature, ratification and accession as from 4 February 2003 (i.e. the date upon which the original of the Protocol was established) at United Nations Headquarters in New York.
- 73.
Adopted on 20/12/2006 by the United Nations General Assembly at its 61st session through resolution A/RES/61/177 and opened for signature in Paris on 06/02/2007.
- 74.
Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 3452 (XXX) of 9 December 1975.
- 75.
Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 2000/43, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 55/89, drew Governments’ attention to the Principles and strongly encouraged Governments to reflect on them as a useful tool in efforts to combat torture.
- 76.
Recommended by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in its resolution 1989/65 of 24 May 1989. In the first paragraph of this resolution, ECOSOC recommends that these Principles be taken into account and respected by Governments within the framework of their domestic laws and practices.
- 77.
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992.
- 78.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 45/110 of 14 December 1990.
- 79.
Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations through its resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977.
- 80.
Adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990.
- 81.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988.
- 82.
Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in 1985, and endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 40/32 of 29 November 1985.
- 83.
Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 40/33 of 29 November 1985.
- 84.
Adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 45/112 of 14 December 1990.
- 85.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990.
- 86.
Recommended by resolution 1997/30 of the Economic and Social Council of 21 July 1997 (in paragraph 1 of this resolution, the Economic and Social Council welcomed the Guidelines and invited all parties concerned to use them in implementing the juvenile justice provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- 87.
Adopted by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in its resolution 1989/61 of 24 May 1989.
- 88.
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Havana, Cuba, from 27 August to 7 September 1990.
- 89.
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Havana, Cuba, from 27 August to 7 September 1990.
- 90.
Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Milan from 26 August to 6 September 1985, and endorsed by United Nations General Assembly resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985.
- 91.
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Havana, Cuba, from 27 August to 7 September 1990.
- 92.
Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982.
- 93.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985.
- 94.
Resolution 1989/64 of the Economic and Social Council (LXXII) of 24 May 1989.
- 95.
Adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 60/147 of 16 December 2005.
- 96.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by United Nations General Assembly resolution 54/263 of 25/05/2000.
- 97.
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by United Nations General Assembly resolution 54/263 of 25/05/2000.
- 98.
Adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 66/138 of 19/12/2011 and opened for signature in Geneva, Switzerland on 28/02/2012.
- 99.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe (an international organisation created in 1949), the Convention was adopted in Rome on 4 November 1950 and entered into force in the international order on 3 September 1953.
- 100.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Paris on 20 March 1952 and entered into force in the international order on 18 May 1954.
- 101.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 1 February 1995 and entered into force at international level on 1 February 1998.
- 102.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 5 November 1992 and entered into force at international level on 1 March 1998.
- 103.
Drawn up within the European Union and published in the Official Journal L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22–26.
- 104.
Drawn up within the European Community/European Union and published in the Official Journal C 312 of 23/11/1995 p. 0001–0003.
- 105.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Paris on 20 March 1952 and entered into force at international level on 2 May 1968.
- 106.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 24 April 1967 and entered into force at international level on 26 April 1968.
- 107.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 15 October 1975 and entered into force at international level on 11 August 1978.
- 108.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Luxembourg on 20 May 1980 and entered into force at international level on 1 September 1983.
- 109.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 25 January 1996 and entered into force at international level on 1 July 2000.
- 110.
Drafted within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in The Hague on 28 May 1970, entering into force at the international level on 28 July 2015.
- 111.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 24 November 1977 and entered into force at international level on 1 May 1983.
- 112.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Paris on 13 December 1957 and entered into force at international level on 1 January 1958.
- 113.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 5 February 1992 and entered into force at international level on 1 May 1997.
- 114.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 28 April 1983 and entered into force at international level on 1 March 1985.
- 115.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 22 November 1984 and entered into force at international level on 1 November 1988.
- 116.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 26 November 1987 and entered into force at international level on 1 February 1989.
- 117.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 4 November 1993 and entered into force at international level on 1 March 2002.
- 118.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 4 November 1993 and entered into force at international level on 1 March 2002.
- 119.
Drafted within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Vilnius on 3 May 2002 and entered into force at international level on 1 July 2003.
- 120.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Strasbourg on 13 May 2004 and entered into force in the international order on 1 June 2010. In the meantime, Protocols 15 and 16 amending the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms have already been adopted. Adopted in Strasbourg on 24 June 2013 and 2 October 2013, entering into force in the international order on 24 June 2013 and 1 August 2018.
- 121.
Drafted within the framework of the Council of Europe it was adopted in Riga on 22 October 2015, entering into force in the international order on 1 July 2017.
- 122.
Drawn up within the European Union and published in Official Journal No C 202, 7.6.2016, pp. 389–405.
- 123.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Warsaw on 16 May 2005 and entered into force at international level on 1 June 2007.
- 124.
Drawn up within the framework of the Council of Europe, it was adopted in Warsaw on 16 May 2005 and entered into force at international level on 1 February 2008.
References
Alvarez, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and rights in a globalized world. Perspectivas, 22, 95–107. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268126469.pdf
Alves, J. A. L. (2005). Citizenship, human rights and globalization. In J. Alves (Ed.), Human rights in post-modernity (pp. 43–63). Perspectiva. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-64452000000200010
Annan, K. A. (2000). Preface. United Nations – Millennium Declaration. Retrieved from https://inee.org/system/files/resources/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Mil%C3%A9nio_ONU.pdf
Bauman, Z. (1999). Globalization – The human consequences. Zahar.
Bobbio, N. (1992). The age of rights. Campus.
Bona, A. (2020). What is the World Economic Forum? Retrieved from https://andrebona.com.br/o-que-e-o-forum-economico-mundial/
Brito, W., & Freitas, P. M. (2018). Rome statute of the international criminal court – Commentary. DH-CH Human Rights – Center for Interdisciplinary Research. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GaooqH9RabS_3CxRVszOlK38fVfawUUJ/view
Campos, L., & Canavezes, S. (2007). Introduction to globalization. Instituto Bento Jesus Caraça. Training Department of CGTP-IN. Retrieved from http://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/2468/1/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20%C3%A0%20Globaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf
Charter of the United Nations. (1945). Preamble (p. 1). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html
Correia, M. D. (2000). 1st and 2nd ear of the book. In T. L. Friedman (Ed.), Understanding globalization – Lexus and the olive tree. Quetzal Editores.
de Carvalho, P. G. M., & Barcelos, F. C. (2014). The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) – A critical evaluation. Sustentabilidade em. Debate, 5(3), 222–244.
de Vasconcelos, D. M. (2009). The globalization of human rigths: Impacts and challenges in the contemporany mundial order. Revista Eletronica de Direito Internacional. Centro de Direito Internacional, 4, 286–314.
Fernandes, A. T. (2009). Human rights and globalization. Sociology – Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 5(19), 11–34.
Ferreira, N. T. (1993). Citizenship: A question for education. Nova Fronteira.
Forum Cities. (2016, January 1). United Nations 2030 agenda – Sustainable development goals. Retrieved from https://www.forumdascidades.pt/?q=content/agenda-2030-das-nacoes-unidas-objectivos-de-desenvolvimento-sustentavel
Giddens, A. (1991). The consequences of modernity. São Paulo.
Gray, J. (1999). False dawn: The mistakes of global capitalism. Record.
Guide on Sustainable Development – 17 goals to transform our world. (2015). United Nations Regional Information Center for Western Europe. Retrieved from https://unric.org/pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/01/SDG_brochure_PT-web.pdf
Guterres, A. (2021). In Davos, Guterres stresses role of private sector in pandemic recovery. UN News. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/pt/story/2021/01/1739632
Máximo, L. M. (2015). The 2030 UN development agenda: The challenges and potentialities of the sustainable development goals for the African continent. Revista Perspectivas, 10–11.
O direito internacional dos direitos humanos. (2018). Âmbito Jurídico. Retrieved from https://ambitojuridico.com.br/cadernos/direitos-humanos/o-direito-internacional-dos-direitos-humanos/
Oriani, A. P., & Oriani, V. P. (2008). Human rights, citizenship and globalization: Reflections on the representations of discourse. Revista de Iniciação Científica da FFC, 8(1), 39–47. Retrieved from 170-Texto do artigo-584-1-10-20080422.pdf.
Rocha, A. E. (2018). Direitos Humanos no século XXI (2). Diário do Minho. Retrieved from https://diariodominho.sapo.pt/2018/12/23/direitos-humanos-no-seculo-xxi-2/
Santos, B. S. (1997). A multicultural conception of human rights. São Paulo. Revista Lua Nova (CEDES), 39, 105–124.
Schaefer, F. (2009). Human rights and economic globalization: Compatibility of principles? Constituição, Economia e Desenvolvimento. Revista da Academia Brasileira de Direito Constitucional. Curitiba, 1(1), 76–96. Retrieved from www.abdconst.com.br/revista/direitosFernanda.pdf
The Sustainable Development Agenda. (2015). United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/
Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/08/120815_outcome-document-of-Summit-for-adoption-of-the-post-2015-development-agenda.pdf.
United Nations. (2000). Millennium declaration. I-Values and principles. Retrieved from https://inee.org/system/files/resources/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Mil%C3%A9nio_ONU.pdf
Waage, J., Banerji, R., Campbell, O., et al. (2010). The millennium development goals: A cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015. Lancet and London International Development Centre Commission. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61196-8/fulltext
World Economic Forum. (2021). The global risks report 2021 (16th ed.). World Economic Forum (WEF). Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2021.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodrigues, J.N. (2022). The Globalization of Human Rights for a Global Citizenship: New Challenges. In: Zajda, J., Davidovitch, N., Majhanovich, S. (eds) Discourses of Globalisation, Multiculturalism and Cultural Identity. Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research, vol 29. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92608-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92608-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-92607-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-92608-3
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)