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Light Metals 2022 pp 998–1003Cite as

Direct and Indirect CO2 Equivalent Emissions from Primary Aluminium Production

Part of the The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series book series (MMMS)

Abstract

Although modern aluminium smelters using 100% green electrical energy generation can achieve on-site emissions of about 2 kg CO2 equivalents per tonne of aluminium produced (t CO2e/t Al), the total global average emissions from primary aluminium production from bauxite mine-to-metal ingot are much larger, about 16.5 t CO2e/t Al. Two thirds of the total average emissions arise because fossil fuels, dominated by coal and to a lesser extent natural gas, are the source of energy used to generate electricity. However, indirect emissions associated with site services and upstream emissions associated with mining, refining, and delivering materials are also significant contributors, and all these are considered in this paper. Arising from this analysis, we question whether the reference target proposed by the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI) that the on-site direct and indirect emissions from all present and future smelters shall be below 8 t CO2e/t Al by 2030 or earlier, are the appropriate one. Since the global impact is the total mine to metal emissions, this number is what impacts the public, and also customers and downstream users. Surely the numerical value should be changed accordingly on a science based approach.

Keywords

  • Aluminium smelters
  • CO2 equivalent emissions
  • Best available technology
  • ASI requirements

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Acknowledgements

The authors recognize the expertise and analyses of the International Aluminium Institute (and the data reported by its member companies) and thank Chris Bayliss and his colleagues for valuable comments and input on drafts of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emeritus—Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

    Halvor Kvande

  2. Norsk Hydro, Oslo, Norway

    Halvor Kvande

  3. Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Gudrun Saevarsdottir

  4. Emeritus—University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Barry J. Welch

  5. University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Barry J. Welch

Authors
  1. Halvor Kvande
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  2. Gudrun Saevarsdottir
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  3. Barry J. Welch
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brunel University London, Middlesex, UK

    Prof. Dmitry Eskin

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Kvande, H., Saevarsdottir, G., Welch, B.J. (2022). Direct and Indirect CO2 Equivalent Emissions from Primary Aluminium Production. In: Eskin, D. (eds) Light Metals 2022. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_130

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