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Residential Garden Design for Urban Biodiversity Conservation: Experience from Panama City, Panama

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Biodiversity Islands: Strategies for Conservation in Human-Dominated Environments

Part of the book series: Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation ((TOBC,volume 20))

Abstract

Urban expansion encroaches on natural areas causing habitat and species loss. However, cities can offer ecological spaces that harbor high proportions of regional and local species. In addition to public urban green spaces, private residential gardens are important for biodiversity conservation particularly if spatially arranged to maximize habitat-patch sizes and minimize isolation from remnants of native habitat in the city. Urban growth is projected to increase considerably, including in biodiversity hotspots, many of which are in developing tropical countries. In urban areas of these countries, residential “ornamental” gardening is not as widespread as in temperate developed countries where a multimillion-dollar industry supports garden design and maintenance. This case study discusses residential garden design frameworks for tropical biodiversity conservation that, if adopted at scale, could channel private finance to conservation in urban areas. It documents the establishment and management of a residential ornamental garden designed to protect native fauna and flora in an urban landscape in Panama City, Panama. It describes the design elements and records the positive impact on biodiversity over 15 years in a 1700 m2 property. Grass areas were reduced by 80%, and 64% of the property was planted, increasing vascular plant species from 10 to at least 180 and birds from 9 to 157 species. Management approaches, and challenges of increasing habitat alongside human wellbeing benefits from the garden, are presented. Recommendations and required attitude changes are outlined for garden practitioners, urban planners and policymakers to replicate the design elements of this biodiversity garden island in Panama City, and beyond.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Biodiversity hotspots have high endemism, are threatened by human inhabitation and have been designated as priority areas for conservation (Myers et al. 2000). Of the 36 biodiversity hotspots identified globally, many are in the tropics and all contain urban areas. Panama City is within the Mesoamerica Corridor Biodiversity Hotspot.

  2. 2.

    In the UK alone, households spent around £7.5 billion (or US$9.21 billion) on garden goods in 2017, equivalent to 1% of household spending (Oxford Economics 2017). In the USA, in 2018 77% of American gardeners reported spending a record US$47.8 billion on lawn and garden retail sales, with an average household expenditure of US$503 (NGS 2018).

  3. 3.

    Garden design includes three elements (Newbury 2000): (i) Definition of function, style and feel of the garden (ii) Costs of initial construction (borders), garden features (paths, ponds), plantings (trees, bushes, annuals), and maintenance; (iii) Physical nature of the garden plot (temperature, rainfall, soil, slopes, drainage, aspect)

  4. 4.

    Garden design schools include formal with axial symmetry and small numbers plant species; Japanese with simple styles and intellectual and philosophical elements; sensory with sounds and colors to stimulate people with disabilities; entertainment with features for outdoor living; and wildlife with food and shelter for animals (Newbury 2000).

  5. 5.

    The Royal Palm scientific name is Roystonea regia, native to Mexico and Central America. From here on all plants and animals will referred to with the common name. Scientific names are shown in Table 15.1

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Acknowledgements

We thank our parents for instilling in us the love of nature and gardens and their importance in human wellbeing. We would also like to thank Alexander Coles from the Florida State University in Panama, who first inspired us to share the design elements of our garden with his students. Thanks also to all others that have showed interest in the garden, not least of which is our gardener, Poto, who has helped us for 15 years with the most strenuous of our tasks, and those that have visited our Instagram account @voicesofthegarden.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Retired/former environmental advisor, United Nations Development Program, Panama City, Panama, Republic of Panama

    Helen R. C. Negret

  2. Retired/former environmental advisor, Interamerican Development Bank, Panama City, Panama, Republic of Panama

    Rafael Negret

  3. Hacienda Pinzacuá, Alcalá, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

    Irene Montes-Londoño

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  1. Helen R. C. Negret
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  1. School of the Environment, The Forest School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Florencia Montagnini

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Negret, H.R.C., Negret, R., Montes-Londoño, I. (2022). Residential Garden Design for Urban Biodiversity Conservation: Experience from Panama City, Panama. In: Montagnini, F. (eds) Biodiversity Islands: Strategies for Conservation in Human-Dominated Environments. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92234-4_15

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