Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pediatric Maxillofacial Pathology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

  • 3797 Accesses

Abstract

The complex development of the facial skeleton and the presence of odontogenic tissue contribute to the formation of a variety of cysts, tumors, and pathologic conditions that are either unique or occur more often in this region in the pediatric age group. Tumors of the maxillofacial region in children are generally infrequent and may represent a variety of clinical and pathologic entities. The rarity of these conditions explains the lack of numerous comprehensive case series that specifically address pediatric maxillofacial pathology. Nevertheless, the maxillofacial surgeon should be familiar with at least the most commonly encountered cysts and tumors, odontogenic or non-odontogenic in origin, their behavior, and the appropriate treatment protocols. Even more important is an understanding of the potential outcomes of treatment of these conditions in the immature, developing child. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide a comprehensive review of pediatric maxillofacial pathology along with the currently available treatment recommendations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Philipsen HP, Reichart PA. Classification of odontogenic tumours. A historical review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006;35:525–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kramer IR, Pindborg JJ, Shear M. The WHO histological typing of Odontogenic Tumours. A commentary on the second edition. Cancer. 1992;70:2988–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Tanaka N, Murata A, Yamaguchi A, Kohama G. Clinical features and management of oral and maxillofacial tumors in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:11–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Avelar RL, Antunes AA, Carvalho RW, et al. Odontogenic cysts: a clinicopathological study of 507 cases. J Oral Sci. 2009;51:581–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Marx RE, Stern D. Odontogenic and non odontogenic cysts. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Cysts of the jaws and the neck. St. Louis: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sapp J, Eversole LR, Wysocki GP. Odontogenic cysts. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Muller S. Update from the 4th edition of the World Health Organization of head and neck tumours: tumours of the oral cavity and mobile tongue. Head Neck Pathol. 2017;11:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Wenig B. Neoplasms of the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx and neck. Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang J, Gu Z, Jiang L, et al. Ameloblastoma in children and adolescents. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48(7):549–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ord RA, Blanchaert RH Jr, Nikitakis NG, Sauk JJ. Ameloblastoma in children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:762–70; discussion, 770–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Troulis MJ, Kaban LB. Jaw tumors in children. Philadelphia: Saunders an Imprint of Elsevier; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Marx RE, Stern D. Odontogenic tumors: hamartomas and neoplasms. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Huang IY, Lai ST, Chen CH, et al. Surgical management of ameloblastoma in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104:478–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Olaitan AA, Adekeye EO. Clinical features and management of ameloblastoma of the mandible in children and adolescents. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;34:248–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Melrose RJ. Benign epithelial odontogenic tumors. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1999;16:271–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Swasdison S, Dhanuthai K, Jainkittivong A, Philipsen HP. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumors: an analysis of 67 cases in a Thai population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:210–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Odontogenic tumors. St. Louis: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Madras J, Lapointe H. Keratocystic odontogenic tumour: reclassification of the odontogenic keratocyst from cyst to tumour. J Can Dent Assoc. 2008;74:165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kolokythas A, Fernandes RP, Pazoki A, Ord RA. Odontogenic keratocyst: to decompress or not to decompress? A comparative study of decompression and enucleation versus resection/peripheral ostectomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:640–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shear M. The aggressive nature of the odontogenic keratocyst: is it a benign cystic neoplasm? Part 3. Immunocytochemistry of cytokeratin and other epithelial cell markers. Oral Oncol. 2002;38:407–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Shear M. The aggressive nature of the odontogenic keratocyst: is it a benign cystic neoplasm? Part 2. Proliferation and genetic studies. Oral Oncol. 2002;38:323–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Shear M. The aggressive nature of the odontogenic keratocyst: is it a benign cystic neoplasm? Part 1. Clinical and early experimental evidence of aggressive behaviour. Oral Oncol. 2002;38:219–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. August M, Faquin WC, Troulis MJ, Kaban LB. Dedifferentiation of odontogenic keratocyst epithelium after cyst decompression. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:678–83; discussion 683-674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Blanas N, Freund B, Schwartz M, Furst IM. Systematic review of the treatment and prognosis of the odontogenic keratocyst. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;90:553–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Piattelli A, Fioroni M, Rubini C. Differentiation of odontogenic keratocysts from other odontogenic cysts by the expression of bcl-2 immunoreactivity. Oral Oncol. 1998;34:404–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Suyama Y, Kubota Y, Yamashiro T, et al. Expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor in odontogenic keratocysts. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38:476–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Oka S, Kubota Y, Yamashiro T, et al. Effects of positive pressure in odontogenic keratocysts. J Dent Res. 2005;84:913–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ninomiya T, Kubota Y, Koji T, Shirasuna K. Marsupialization inhibits interleukin-1alpha expression and epithelial cell proliferation in odontogenic keratocysts. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31:526–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kubota Y, Nitta S, Oka S, et al. Discrimination of ameloblastomas from odontogenic keratocysts by cytokine levels and gelatinase species of the intracystic fluids. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30:421–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mendes RA, Carvalho JF, Waal IV. Biological pathways involved in the aggressive behavior of the keratocystic odontogenic tumor and possible implications for molecular oriented treatment – an overview. Oral Oncol. 2010;46:19–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dong Q, Pan S, Sun LS, Li TJ. Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst: a clinicopathologic study of 61 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:271–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Adebayo ET, Ajike SO, Adekeye EO. Odontogenic tumours in children and adolescents: a study of 78 Nigerian cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2002;30:267–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Butt FM, Chindia ML, Wakoli KA. Problems in diagnosing odontogenic myxoma: case report. East Afr Med J. 2007;84:141–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wachter BG, Steinberg MJ, Darrow DH, et al. Odontogenic myxoma of the maxilla: a report of two pediatric cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:389–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kaban L, Troulis MJ. Dentoalveolar surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen Y, Li TJ, Gao Y, Yu SF. Ameloblastic fibroma and related lesions: a clinicopathologic study with reference to their nature and interrelationship. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34:588–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. de Oliveira BH, Campos V, Marcal S. Compound odontoma--diagnosis and treatment: three case reports. Pediatr Dent. 2001;23:151–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kanahara N, Nakakura K, Tomizawa M, Noda T. Clinical studies on 16 cases of odontoma in children. Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi. 1989;27:546–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pogrel MA. Calcitonin therapy for central giant cell granuloma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:649–53; discussion 653-644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pogrel MA, Regezi JA, Harris ST, Goldring SR. Calcitonin treatment for central giant cell granulomas of the mandible: report of two cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:848–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. O’Malley M, Pogrel MA, Stewart JC, et al. Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws: phenotype and proliferation-associated markers. J Oral Pathol Med. 1997;26:159–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pogrel MA. The management of lesions of the jaws with liquid nitrogen cryotherapy. J Calif Dent Assoc. 1995;23:54–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wendt FP, Torriani MA, Gomes AP, et al. Intralesional corticosteroid injection for central giant cell granuloma: an alternative treatment for children. J Dent Child (Chic). 2009;76:229–32.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Flaitz CM. Peripheral giant cell granuloma: a potentially aggressive lesion in children. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22:232–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bodner L, Bar-Ziv J. Radiographic features of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws in children. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:148–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Piekarczyk J, Kozlowski K. Central giant cell reparative granuloma of the mandible in children (report of four cases). Australas Radiol. 1984;28:149–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Benign nonodontogenic tumors. St. Louis: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kaban LB, Dodson TB. Management of giant cell lesions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:1074–5; author reply 1076.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Padwa BL, Denhart BC, Kaban LB. Aneurysmal bone cyst-“plus”: a report of three cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:1144–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Eckardt A, Pogrel MA, Kaban LB, et al. Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Nuclear DNA analysis using image cytometry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;18:3–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ficarra G, Kaban LB, Hansen LS. Central giant cell lesions of the mandible and maxilla: a clinicopathologic and cytometric study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64:44–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chuong R, Kaban LB, Kozakewich H, Perez-Atayde A. Central giant cell lesions of the jaws: a clinicopathologic study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:708–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chuong R, Kaban LB. Diagnosis and treatment of jaw tumors in children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985;43:323–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Corbetta S, Rossi D, D’Orto O, et al. Brown jaw tumors: today’s unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Investig. 2003;26:675–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Unlu RE, Abaci E, Kerem M, et al. Brown tumor in children with normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism: a report of two cases. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14:69–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sanchez CP. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure: pathogenesis and treatment. Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5:763–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Levard G, Gaudelus J, Cessans C. Primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Ann Chir. 1992;46:653–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Glorieux FH, Rauch F. Medical therapy of children with fibrous dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(Suppl 2):P110–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Plotkin H, Rauch F, Zeitlin L, et al. Effect of pamidronate treatment in children with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4569–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Isaia GC, Lala R, Defilippi C, et al. Bone turnover in children and adolescents with McCune-Albright syndrome treated with pamidronate for bone fibrous dysplasia. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71:121–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Matarazzo P, Lala R, Masi G, et al. Pamidronate treatment in bone fibrous dysplasia in children and adolescents with McCune-Albright syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15(Suppl 3):929–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Maher CO, Friedman JA, Meyer FB, et al. Surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the skull in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;37:87–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lala R, Matarazzo P, Bertelloni S, et al. Pamidronate treatment of bone fibrous dysplasia in nine children with McCune-Albright syndrome. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:188–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pensler JM, Langman CB. Metabolic changes in osteoclasts isolated from children with fibrous dysplasia. DNA Cell Biol. 1993;12:411–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Di Rocco C, Marchese E, Velardi F. Fibrous dysplasia of the skull in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;18:117–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Georgiade N, Masters F, Horton C, Pickrell K. Ossifying fibromas (fibrous dysplasia) of the facial bones in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 1955;46:36–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Metabolic and Genetic Diseases. St Louis: Saunders and imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Carvalho Silva E, Carvalho Silva GC, Vieira TC. Cherubism: clinicoradiographic features, treatment, and long-term follow-up of 8 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:517–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Yamaguchi T, Dorfman HD, Eisig S. Cherubism: clinicopathologic features. Skelet Radiol. 1999;28:350–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cornelius EA, McClendon JL. Cherubism – hereditary fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Roentgenographic features. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969;106:136–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Frassica FJ, Waltrip RL, Sponseller PD, et al. Clinicopathologic features and treatment of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma in children and adolescents. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;27:559–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kwon PH, Horswell BB, Gatto DJ. Desmoplastic fibroma of the jaws: surgical management and review of the literature. Head Neck. 1989;11:67–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Comfort AO. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the jaws: role of dental practitioner in management. Pac Health Dialog. 2004;11:89–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jan A, Vora K, Sandor GK. Sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma of the jaws: the essentials of prompt life-saving referral and management. J Can Dent Assoc. 2005;71:165–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Ziegler JL, Wright DH, Kyalwazi SK. Differential diagnosis of Burkitt’s lymphoma of the face and jaws. Cancer. 1971;27:503–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Judson SC, Henle W, Henle G. A cluster of Epstein-Barr-virus-associated American Burkitt’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:464–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Burkitt DP. Classics in oncology. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. CA Cancer J Clin. 1972;22:345–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br J Surg. 1958;46:218–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ziegler JL. Treatment results of 54 American patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma are similar to the African experience. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:75–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Grifo AH. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2009;26:41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Stalemark H, Laurencikas E, Karis J, et al. Incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: a population-based study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51:76–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lau LM, Stuurman K, Weitzman S. Skeletal Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: permanent consequences and health-related quality of life in long-term survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:607–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Buchmann L, Emami A, Wei JL. Primary head and neck Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135:312–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Jubran RF, Marachelian A, Dorey F, Malogolowkin M. Predictors of outcome in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;45:37–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kudo K, Ohga S, Morimoto A, et al. Improved outcome of refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Japan. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45(5):901–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kwee TC, Kwee RM, Nievelstein RAJ. Imaging in staging of malignant lymphoma: a systematic review. Blood. 2008;111:504–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hermans J, Krol AD, van Groningen K, et al. International prognostic index for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is valid for all malignancy grades. Blood. 1995;86:1460–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ultmann JE, Moran EM. Diagnostic evaluation and clinical staging in Hodgkin’s disease: usefulness and problems of the Ann Arbor staging classification in primary staging and staging in relapse. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1973;36:333–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Armitage JO. Staging non-Hodgkin lymphoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:368–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. El-Badawy S, Aboulnaga S, Abou Gabal A, et al. Risk adapted combined modality treatment in children with Hodgkin’s disease: NCI, Cairo. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2008;20:99–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Balwierz W, Moryl-Bujakowska A, Depowska T, et al. Influence of age on treatment results in children and adolescents with Hodgkin’s disease. Przegl Lek. 2004;61(Suppl 2):40–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dorffel W, Luders H, Ruhl U, et al. Preliminary results of the multicenter trial GPOH-HD 95 for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease in children and adolescents: analysis and outlook. Klin Padiatr. 2003;215:139–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pinkerton CR. The continuing challenge of treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children. Br J Haematol. 1999;107:220–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Tsurusawa M. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: treatment and outcome of children with advanced disease. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999;26:1050–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Lymphoid lesions. St Louis: Saunders an imprnt of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Narasimhan K, Arneja JS, Rabah R. Treatment of congenital epulis (granular cell tumour) with excision and gingivoperiosteoplasty. Can J Plast Surg. 2007;15:215–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Lucaya J, Sancho C, Bonnin J, Tormo R. Syndrome of multiple mucosal neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheocromocytoma: cause of colon diverticula in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;133:1186–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Barry R, Pelser HH, Nel CJ, et al. Early thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) syndrome. S Afr Med J. 1991;80:90–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Connective tissue lesions. St. Louis: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Lack EE, Upton MP. Histopathologic review of salivary gland tumors in childhood. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114:898–906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Gampper TJ, Morgan RF. Vascular anomalies: hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110:572–85; quiz 586; discussion 587-578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Mulliken JB, Young AE. Hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Brewis C, Pracy JP, Albert DM. Treatment of lymphangiomas of the head and neck in children by intralesional injection of OK-432 (Picibanil). Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000;25:130–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Greinwald JH Jr, Burke DK, Sato Y, et al. Treatment of lymphangiomas in children: an update of Picibanil (OK-432) sclerotherapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;121:381–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tronina SA, Bobrova NF, Khrinenko VP. Combined surgical method of orbital and periorbital hemangioma treatment in infants. Orbit. 2008;27:249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hohenleutner S, Badur-Ganter E, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner U. Long-term results in the treatment of childhood hemangioma with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: an evaluation of 617 cases. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;28:273–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hall N, Ade-Ajayi N, Brewis C, et al. Is intralesional injection of OK-432 effective in the treatment of lymphangioma in children? Surgery. 2003;133:238–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Peters DA, Courtemanche DJ, Heran MKS, et al. Treatment of cystic lymphatic vascular malformations with OK-432 sclerotherapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:1441–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000239503.10964.11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Buckmiller LM. Update on hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12:476–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ozen IO, Moralioglu S, Karabulut R, et al. Surgical treatment of cervicofacial cystic hygromas in children. ORL. 2005;67:331–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Rothfleisch JE, Kosann MK, Levine VJ, Ashinoff R. Laser treatment of congenital and acquired vascular lesions. A review. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69:412–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Vollmer E, Roessner A, Lipecki KH, et al. Biologic characterization of human bone tumors. VI. The aneurysmal bone cyst: an enzyme histochemical, electron microscopical, and immunohistological study. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1987;53:58–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Rosa P, Hirsch DL, Dierks EJ. Congenital neck masses. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2008;20:339–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Pryor SG, Lewis JE, Weaver AL, Orvidas LJ. Pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132:938–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Tracy TF Jr, Muratore CS. Management of common head and neck masses. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007;16:3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sistrunk WE. Surgical treatment of cysts of the thyroglossal track. Ann Surg. 1920;71:121–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Zaebo R, Carlson ER. Malignancies of the jaws. St. Louis: Saunders and Imprint of Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  120. De Alava E, Gerald WL. Molecular biology of the Ewing’s sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumor family. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:204–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Sandberg A, Bridge JA. Updates on cytogenetics and molecular genesis of bone and soft tissue. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2000;123:1–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. West D. Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000;12:323–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Vaccani JP, Forte V, de Jong AL, Taylor G. Ewing’s sarcoma of the head and neck in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;48:209–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Brook I. Diagnosis and management of parotitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:469–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic of suppurative sialoadenitis. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51:526–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Brook I. Acute bacterial suppurative parotitis: microbiology and management. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14:37–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Camilleri AC, Lloyd RE. Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;28:329–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Carlson E. Diagnosis and managemnet of salivary gland infections. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21:293–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Cascarini L, McGurk M. Epidemiology of salivary gland infections. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21:353–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Dave SP, Pernas FG, Roy S. The benign lymphoepithelial cyst and a classification system for lymphocytic parotid gland enlargement in the pediatric HIV population. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:106–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Fernandes RO, RA. Salivary gland disease. St Louis: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Miloro M, Goldberg MG. Salivary gland infections. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Miloro M. Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disorders. St. Louis: Mosby; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Regezi J, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RCK. Salivary gland disease. Missouri: Elsevier; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Smith FB. Benign lymphoepithelial lesion and lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland in HIV infection. Prog AIDS Pathol. 1990;2:61–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Townend J. Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;29:138–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Nahelieli O. Salivary gland inflammatory disorders in children. Philadelphia: Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Catone G. Sublingual gland mucous escape:pseudocysts of the oro-cervical region. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1995;7:431–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Elluru RG, Kumar M, et al. Physiology of the salivary glands. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Marx R, Stern D. Non neoplastic salivary gland diseases. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Kessler A, Handler SD. Salivary gland neoplasms in children: a 10-year survey at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1994;29:195–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. da Cruz Perez DE, Pires FR, Alves FA, et al. Salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of fifty-three cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68:895–902.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Luna MA, Batsakis JG, el-Naggar AK. Salivary gland tumors in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991;100:869–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Wenig B. Neoplasms of the salivary glands. Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  145. Marx R, Stern D. Salivary gland neoplasms. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Becelli R, Quarato D, Matarazzo G, et al. Surgical treatment of an extraparotid pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands of the cheek. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1604–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kakimoto N, Gamoh S, Tamaki J, et al. CT and MR images of pleomorphic adenoma in major and minor salivary glands. Eur J Radiol. 2009;69:464–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Cerulli G, Renzi G, Perugini M, Becelli R. Differential diagnosis between adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands of palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15:1056–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Becelli R, Frati R, Cerulli G, et al. Pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands of the palate. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2001;20:25–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Toto PD, Hsu DJ. Product definition of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands. J Oral Pathol. 1985;14:818–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Chisholm DM, Waterhouse JP, Kraucunas E, Sciubba JJ. A quantitative ultrastructural study of the pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) of human minor salivary glands. Cancer. 1974;34:1631–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Erlandson RA, Cardon-Cardo C, Higgins PJ. Histogenesis of benign pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) of the major salivary glands. An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8:803–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Ord R. Salivary gland tumors in children. Saunders an imprint of Elsevier: Philadelphia; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  154. Rahbar R, Grimmer JF, Vargas SO, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: a 10-year experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hicks J, Flaitz C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in children and adolescents: assessment of proliferation markers. Oral Oncol. 2000;36:454–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Marlowe JF, Hora JF. Parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma in children. Laryngoscope. 1968;78:68–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

    Antonia Kolokythas

Authors
  1. Antonia Kolokythas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonia Kolokythas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

    Michael Miloro

  2. Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science, Shreveport, LA, USA

    G. E. Ghali

  3. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Peter E. Larsen

  4. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Peter Waite

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kolokythas, A. (2022). Pediatric Maxillofacial Pathology. In: Miloro, M., Ghali, G.E., Larsen, P.E., Waite, P. (eds) Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91920-7_39

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91920-7_39

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91919-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-91920-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation